Biology Campbell Chapter 4 Def. And Concepts

Front 1

Organic Chemistry

Back 1

The study of carbon compounds.

Front 2

Vitalism

Back 2

The belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws, provided the foundation for the new discipline of organic chemistry.

Front 3

Mechanism

Back 3

The view that physical and chemical laws govern all natural phenomena.

Front 4

Tetravalence

Back 4

One facet of carbon's versatility that makes large, complex molecules possible. It acts as an intersection point from which a molecule can branch off in as many as four directions.

Front 5

Hydrocarbon

Back 5

An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen. It is a hydrophobic compound because the great majority of it's bonds aer relatively non-polar carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.

Hint 5

They are the major components of petroleum, which is called fossil fuel because it consists of the partially decomposed remains of organisms that lived millions of years ago. They can undergo reactions that release a relatively large amount of energy.

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Isomers

Back 6

Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties.Three different types.

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Structural Isomers

Back 7

Differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms.

Front 8

Geometric Isomers

Back 8

Have the same covalent partnerships, but they differ in their spatial arrangement.The differences arise from the inflexibility of double bonds, which do not permit rotation.

Front 9

Enantiomers

Back 9

One of two compounds that are mirror images of each other. They are important in the pharmaceutical industry because two different ones of a drug may not be equally effective. Examples: Ibuprofen and Albuterol

Front 10

Functional Group

Back 10

A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions.

Front 11

Hydroxyl

Back 11

Is polar as a result of the electrons spending more time near the electronegative oxygen atom. Can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars.

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Carbonyl

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A ketone and an aldehyde may be structural isomers with different properties, as is the case for acetone and propanal. These two groups are also found in sugars, giving rise to two major groups of sugars: aldoses adn ketoses.

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Ketones

Back 13

A carbonyl group within a carbon skeleton.

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Aldehydes

Back 14

A carbonyl group at the end of a carbon skeleton.

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Carboxyl

Back 15

Has acidic properties because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar. Found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1- and called a carboxylate.

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Amino

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Acts as a base; can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution (water, in living organisms). Ionized, with a charge of 1+, under cellular conditions. Glycine is made up of both an amino group and carboxyl group; compounds with both groups are called amino acids.

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Sulfhydryl

Back 17

Two sulfhydryl groups can react, forming a covalent bond. This "cross-linking" helps stabilize protein structure. Cross-linking of cysteines in hair proteins maintains the curliness or straightness of hair.

Front 18

Phosphate

Back 18

Contibutes negative charge to the molecule of which it is a part (2- when at the end of a molecule, as above; 1- when located internally in a chain of phosphates). Has the potential to react with water, releasing energy.

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Methyl

Back 19

Addition of a methyl group to DNA, or to molecules bound to DNA, affects expression of genes. Arrangement of methyl groups in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function.

Front 20

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.

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Friedrich Wohler

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Attempted to make an "inorganic" salt, ammonium cyanate, by mixing solutions of amonium ions (NH₄⁺) and cyanate ions (CNO⁻), but instead he made urea, an organic compound present in the urine of animals.

Front 22

Stanley Miller

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Set up a closed system to simulate the conditions on early earth to see if organic molecules would form.

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Jons Jakob Berzelius

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Made the distinction between organic compounds, those thought to arise only in living organisms, and inorganic compounds, those found only in the nonliving world.

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Carbon

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Has 6 electrons, 4 of which are valence electrons. Completes valence shell by forming covalent bonds with other atoms.

Front 25

Valences of the Major Elements of Organic Molecules

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Hydrogen = 1
Oxygen = 2
Nitrogen = 3
Carbon = 4

Front 26

Steroid

Back 26

A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various chemical groups attached. Examples: female (estradiol) and male (testosterone) sex hormones.