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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. Describe how the characteristics of an organism differ from those of a non-living thing.
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Composed of cells
Respond to environmental stimuli Maintain homeostasis Acquire and use materials and energy to fuel metabolism Grow and develop Reproduce Evolve |
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2. Give an example of a process in the human body that is regulated by homeostasis and explain why maintaining homeostasis is necessary.
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Body temperature
Homeostasis is necessary to sustain organization throughout a living organism. |
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3. Which of the 3 domains contain only single, prokaryotic cells? Which of the 3 domains contains only eukaryotic organisms?
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a. Bacteria, Archaea
b. Eukarya |
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4. Which kingdoms are part of Domain Eukarya and which types of organisms does each of them contain?
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Protists, single cells
Fungi, mushrooms, mold, mildew Plantae, plants Anamalia, animals |
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5. What is the difference between a scientific theory and a theory as thought of in laymen’s terms?
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A scientific theory is a general explanation of important natural phenomena developed through extensive and reproducible observations.It is assumed to be true unless proven false. A layman's theory is an idea based on observations that has not been proven true.
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6. Why is it important to use the scientific method and repeat an experiment many times?
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To ensure validity of the experiment.
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7.Define hypothesis.
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a tentative explanation of observed phenomenon, leads to a prediction about a cause-effect relationship
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8. define control group
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the portion of an experiment in which all possible variables remain constant; used to ensure that the experiment was run properly so that the results are reliable.
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9. define experimental group
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the portion of an experiment to which different variables are applied in order to study their effects.
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10. define variables, list the two types of variables, and explain
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variable: factors that can be changed.
Independent variables: factors that are changed in order to measure their effect on the dependant variable. Dependent variables: factors that are being measured for how they change in response to the independent variable applied to them. |
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11. A new stork species is discovered in Nebraska. Storks are known to migrate south in the winter time. The wildlife biologists who study them are expecting the new species to migrate, so they are tagging the stork’s legs with numbered bands. What kind of logical reasoning are the biologists using?
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deductive reasoning.
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12.In an atom, why does the number of electrons always have to balance the number of protons?
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to make the atom electrically neutral
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13. Explain why certain atoms seek to form chemical bonds with other atoms.
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because they have vacancies in their outer electron shells.
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14. Why is the shape of a molecule so important?
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Molecular shape determines how biological molecules function, recognize, and respond to one another with specificity.
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15. In general, energy is __________ when chemical bonds are formed. Energy is ______________ when chemical bonds are broken.
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released.
consumed. |
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16. What is the difference between covalent and ionic bonds, and which bond is stronger?
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Ionic bonds are formed between atoms that have either very few electrons in their outer shell, or have almost full outer shells. Covalent bonds are formed between atoms that each have their outer shells about half full. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds.
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17. What is the difference between non-polar and polar covalent bonds?
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in non-polar covalent bonds, electrons are equally shared between atoms. In polar covalent bonds, the electrons spend more time toward one of the atoms than another.
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18. List and explain the characteristics of water that make it essential to life on Earth.
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1 It is a good solvent.
2. It has high surface tension 3. It has high cohesion 4. It has high adhesion 5. It has a neutral ph 6. It resists temperature change 7. It can form ice. |
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19. How does hydrogen bonding contribute to water’s characteristics?
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Hydrogen bonding gives water the ability to easily break apart, and fuse together.
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20. Why can’t water dissolve non-polar compounds such as fats and oils?
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Oils and fats are large molecules with nonpolar covalent bonds. These type of molecules are hydrophobic.
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21. Explain why ice floats.
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Ice floats because when water freezes it creates crystals that are less dense than water in its liquid form.
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22. Explain how water is able to resist temperature changes so effectively.
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water has high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, and high heat of fusion.
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23. The pH range for acids is between ___ and ___, while the pH range for bases is between ___ and ___. Neutral pH is at pH ____.
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acid= 0-6
base=8-14 neutral = 7 |
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24. What is the difference between organic and inorganic molecules?
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organic molecules have a carbon skeleton.
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25. Why is carbon able to form so many different kinds of molecules?
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It has four electrons in its outermost shell, which can accommodate up to eight electrons. It can become stable by bonding with up to four other atoms, or by forming double or even triple bonds.
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26. What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis (include energy requirements)?
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Dehydration synthesis joins sugar molecules together and requires energy to do so. This produces water as a byproduct.
Hydrolysis requires water to break apart sugar molecules. Energy is released. |
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27. What is the difference between mono-, di-, and polysaccharides? What is the name of the chemical bond that joins sugars together into a sugar polymer?
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mono - one sugar molecule
di- two sugars connected by a glycosidic linkage Poly - chains of many monosaccharides linked by glycosidic linkages. |
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28. What is/are the main function(s) of carbohydrates in the bodies of organisms?
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1. break down in cellular respiration to release energy
2. store energy for the short term 3. provide structural support in the bodies of different organisms |
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29. List the 2 sugars that make up:
a) sucrose b) lactose c) maltose |
sucrose - glucose+fructose
lactose - glucose+galactose maltose - glucose+glucose |
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30. Why can humans digest starch but not cellulose?
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humans lack the enzymes to break apart the alternating glycosidic linkages in cellulose, but we have enzymes that can break the non alternating glycosidic linkages between starch molecules.
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31. List 2 similarities and 2 differences between starch and glycogen.
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similarities
1. made up of only glucose molecules 2. storage molecules broken down by hydrolysis differences 1. glycogen glucose molecules are joined in only branched shains, starch can be branched or unbranched. 2. Glycogen is a storage molecule in animals, and starch is a storage molecule in plants |
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32. List 2 differences and 2 similarities between lipids and carbohydrates.
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similarities:
store energy made of C,H,and O atoms differences: Carbs=hydrophillic, Lipids=hydrophobic carbs store energy short term, lipids store energy long term |
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What is/are the main function(s) of lipids in the bodies of organisms?
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Lipids store energy for long term.
Insulate and cushion Waterproof covering Used to make certain hormones Component of membranes |
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What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fat?
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Unsaturated fats contain one of more double bonds in the carbon chain. They are liquid at room temperature.
Saturated fats have only single bonds in the carbon chain. They are solid at room temperature. |
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What is the purpose of hydrogenating an oil?
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To convert some of the double carrbon bonds into single bonds so the oil is solid at room temperature.
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How are phospholipids different from triglycerides? How are phospholipids used in the cell?
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Phospholipids have a polar head, a glycerol backbone and only 2 fatty acid chains.
Triglycerides have a single glycerol molecule joined with 3 fatty acid chains |
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How is cholesterol used in the cell?
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It forms a component of plasma membranes which provides flexibility in warm and cold temperatures.
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Describe the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins. What is the name of the type of bond that connects the amino acids?
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Primary: the ordered sequence of amino acids which determines the final conformation of the protein.
Secondary: Folding of the chain into a beta-pleated sheet, or an alpha helix. Tertiary: folding and coiling of the secondary structure into a 3D conformation. Quaternary: structure that results when 2 or more polypeptide chains aggregate together to form one huge molecule. (peptide bonds connect amino acids.) |
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List 3 different functions that proteins can have.
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Structure, Movement, Defense, Storage, Signaling, Catalyzing reactions
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Describe the structure of an amino acid. How do the amino acids differ from one another?
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Amino group = H3N+
Hydrogen Carboxylic group Variable group = amino acids differ from one another depending on the variable. |
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Describe the structure of a nucleotide.
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Phosphate, Sugar, Base
Join together at the phosphate to form a Nucleotide chain |
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Under which conditions can a protein denature and what happens during the process of denaturation?
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When subjected to extreme temperatures, extreme pH, or placed in a very concentrated solution, the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins unfold and the proteins loose their function.
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Why do cells have to be small and numerous as opposed to being large and fewer in number?
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In order to have a large surface to volume ratio.
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Describe the structure of the plasma membrane.
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a phospholipid bilayer in which the hydrophobic tails face in, and the hydrophilic heads face out. It surrounds the cell and controls what goes in and out.
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What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?
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Chromatin is a diffuse mass of DNA present when cells are not dividing,
Chromosomes are present immediately before and during cell division. |
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What is the difference between the CIS and the TRANS side of the Golgi apparatus?
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Cis side: where vesicles from the ER fuse with the Golgi complex and release their contents.
Trans side: where vesicles containing the finished molecules pinch off and are transported to other regions of the cell |
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What would happen to a paramecium if its contractile vacuole stopped working?
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It would burst/rupture
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What does a plant look like if all of its cells were to contain empty central vacuoles?
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Wilted
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What would happen to a cell that lacked a cytoskeleton?
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it would loose shape and mobility
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Which fiber of the cytoskeleton makes up centrioles and the mitotic spindle?
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Microtubules
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