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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Thylakoid Membrane
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Found in chloroplasts, contains chlorophyll, stacks of thylakoid equal granum
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Stomates
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On bottom of leaf, let carbon dioxide in and oxygen out.
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Bicarbonate buffering system
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maintains blood pH
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Ground state
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electrons in lowest available energy level
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Excited state
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gaining extra electrons in energy levels
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Isotopes
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an element that varied in amount of neutrons
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Radioisotopes
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emit particles and decay at the rate of half life
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Specific Heat
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amount of heat the must be absorbed in order for 1 gram of a substance to change temp 1 degree Celsius
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Transpirational-pull cohesion tension
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water flows up trees hundreds of meters from evaporation of water in leaves.
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pH
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Concentration of H ions in Moles per liter
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Organic Compound
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Contain Carbon: lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, etc
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Carbohydrates
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen.
1 g releases 4 cals. when burned Mono, di, polysaccharides. |
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Isomers
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Same molecular formula, different structure. Means they have different chemical and physical properties.
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Monosaccharides
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C6 H12 O6
Glucose, glactose, fructose. (Isomers) |
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Disaccharides
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C12 H22 O11
2 monos joined by dehydration synthesis. ex. maltose, lactose, sucrose. |
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Dehydration Synthesis
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chemical reaction resulting in loss of Water.
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Hydrolysis
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Breakdown of compound,
Sucrose (disac) + Water = glucose and fuctose |
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Polysaccharides
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Many polymers of carbohydrates.
Cellulose (makes plant cell walls), starch (ways plants store carbs), chitin (exoskel of arthropods and cell walls of mushrooms) , glycogen (stored in human liver amd skeletal muscle) |
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Lipids
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fats, oils, wax.
glycerol group w/ 3 fatty acid chains glycerol is an alcohol |
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Fatty Acids
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hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl group
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Saturated Fats
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Animal fats, solid at room temp, butter.
Contain only single bonds between carbon atoms |
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Unsaturated Fats
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Plant fats, liquid at room temp. Dietary fats, at least one double bond between carbon atoms. (fewer hydrogen atoms)
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Lipid Function
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NRG storage: 1 g of any lipid will release 9 calories when burned
Structure: Phospholipids are major component of cell membrane Endocrine: hormones |
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Proteins
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polymer, or polypeptide consisting of repeating units of amino acids by peptide bonds.
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Amino Acid
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Carboxyl Group, Amine Group, (R) variable group, all attacted to a central carbon atom.
ONLY 20 amino acids can build thousands of proteins! Enzymes are proteins. |
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Protein Structures
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Primary: Sequence that make chain
Secondary: hydrogen bonding, helical. Tertiary: 3D, shape determines function. When denatured, by pH or temp, cannot be repaired. Quaternary: more than one polypeptide chain. hemoglobin (4 chains) |
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Enzymes
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Large proteins, speed up reactions by lowering the energy of activation.
Not degrades after reactions, reused over an over. Act on substrates Function with aid of cofactors (minerals) or coenzymes (vitamins) |
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Energy of activation (Ea)
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amount of NRG needed to begin a reaction.
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Induced-fit model
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as substrate enters enzyme, enzyme alters slight shape for substrate to fit better.
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Prions
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Proteins that cause disease, misfolded version of a protein that is normally found in brain, will cause other proteins to become misfolded
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