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40 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Lipids

Organic compound that is insoluble in water; notably fats, oil, and steroids

Ions

Atom or group of atoms carrying a positive or negative charge

Energy

Capacity to do work and bring about change; occurs in a variety of forms

Carrier proteins

Protein molecule that combines with a substance and transports it through the plasma membrane

Endocytosis

Bringing in of large molecules

Exocytosis

Releasing molecules from the cells

Alveolus

Air sac of a lung

Capillary

Microscopic vessel connecting arterioles to venules and through the thin walls of which substance either enter or exit blood

Osmosis

Movement of water from an area of high concentration of water to a low concentration of water across a different permeable membrane

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

Solute

Substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution

Hypertonic

Solution that has a higher concentration of solute and a lower concentration of water than the cell

Hypotonic

Solution that has a lower concentration of solute and a high concentration of water than the cell

Facilitated diffusion

A type of passive transport. It moves substance down their concentration gradient without using the cell's energy

Eukaryotic cells

In organisms whose cells have a nucleus an internal compartment that houses the cell's DNA


- uses flagella for movement; some uses cilia

Prokaryotic cells

A single celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other internal compartments; has a cell , lack of supporting skeleton, made of strands of polysaccharides connected by short chains of amino acids, has flagella


- simple and small one to two um in diameter


-

Endoplasmic reticulum: ER

Membrane system of tubules, vesicles, and sac in cells sometimes having attached ribosomes.


- rough ER has ribosomes, smooth ER does not

Mitochondria

Membraneous organelle in which aerobic cellular respiration produces the energy carrier ATP

Ribosomes

Attached to ER or loose in the cytoplasm and is the site of protein synthesis

Plasma membrane

Membrane surrounding the cytoplasm that consists of phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; functions to regulate the entrance and exit of molecules from

Vacuole

Membraneous cavity filled with fluid

Chloroplast

Membraneous organelle that contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis

Golgi apparatus

Materials for export

Autotroph

They make their own sugars during photosynthesis = producers


- produces food for all other organisms

Heterotroph

Must get there sugars, carbohydrates, for energy from other sources



Consumers


- consume the food provided by plants

Photosynthesis

- the process by which plants convert the sun's energy, water and carbon dioxide to get sugar and oxygen


- take place in the chloroplast


- chlorophyll is the molecule that receives the sun's energy


- chloroplast are in the mesophyll cells of the leaves and stem


1/2 major reactions in photosynthesis: light dependent

- aka light reaction, photolysis


- light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll which uses energy to split water. Oxygen is released to the outside of the cell, the H part of h2o is carried to the dark reaction with NADPH


- some ATP energy is made here

2/ 2 major reactions in photosynthesis: light independent reactions

- aka dark reaction, carbon fixation: Calvin cycle


- Co2 from the outside is combined with the H part of NADPH to make sugar from the cell; NADP+ goes back to light dependent reactions


- ATP is used to combine the co2 and H; ADP goes back to light dependent reactions

Photosynthesis equation

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Chlorophyll/enzymes 👉 C6 H12 O6 + 6O2



( reverse this formula is cellular respiration)

What are two different types of fermentation?

1. Lactic acid


2. Alcohol

By going through glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain, a cell can make between 36 and 38 ATP as opposed to just the two of glycolysis

In the ETC, oxygen joins with electrons and protons to make water

Mitosis

Type of cell division in which starter cells receive the exact chromosomes in genetic makeup of the parent cell; occurs during growth and repair


- the process by which the contents of the eukaryotic nucleus are separated into two genetically identical packages


Nuclei

Cells organelles containing most of the genetic material of the cell; collection of nerve cell bodies within the central nervous system; center of an atom consisting of protons and neutrons

Mitosis stages

Chromosomes replicate prior to the beginning of mitosis


1. Chromosomes condense and become visible under a light microscope; joined at the centromere.



Prophase:


- chromosomes coil up: becomes visible


- Nuclear envelope dissolves


- spindle forms



Metaphase:


- chromosomes move to the middle equator and line up


- spindle fibers link the chromatids of each chromosomes and to the centrioles



Anaphase:


- centromeres divide


- Chromatids turn into chromosomes move towards opposite poles



Telophase:


- opposite of prophase stage


- nuclear envelope forms at each poles


- chromosomes uncoil


- spindle dissolves


- cytokinesis begins


- mitosis has ended

Sister chromatids

One of the two genetically identical chromosomal units that are the result of DNA replication and are attached to each other at the centromere

Centromere

Constricted region of a chromosome with sister chromatids are attached to one another and where the chromosomes attaches to the spindle fiber

Microtubule

Organelle composed of 13 rows of proteins; Brandon multiple units within other organelles such as centrioles, cilia, flagella, as well as spindle

Centriole

Short organelle in animal cells that contain microtubules in a 9 1 0 pattern; present in a centrosome and associated with the formation of basal bodies

Meiosis

To reduce the number of chromosomes by half


- prior to sexual reproduction; Making of your egg and sperm


- Final product of meiosis, for daughter cells, each contain 1 chromatid from each original homologous pair, for a total of 2 chromosomes

Sexual reproduction

Reproduction that occurs through fusion of two gametes; result is genetic diversity