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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Lipids |
Organic compound that is insoluble in water; notably fats, oil, and steroids |
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Ions |
Atom or group of atoms carrying a positive or negative charge |
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Energy |
Capacity to do work and bring about change; occurs in a variety of forms |
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Carrier proteins |
Protein molecule that combines with a substance and transports it through the plasma membrane |
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Endocytosis |
Bringing in of large molecules |
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Exocytosis |
Releasing molecules from the cells |
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Alveolus |
Air sac of a lung |
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Capillary |
Microscopic vessel connecting arterioles to venules and through the thin walls of which substance either enter or exit blood |
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Osmosis |
Movement of water from an area of high concentration of water to a low concentration of water across a different permeable membrane |
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Diffusion |
Movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration |
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Solute |
Substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution |
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Hypertonic |
Solution that has a higher concentration of solute and a lower concentration of water than the cell |
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Hypotonic |
Solution that has a lower concentration of solute and a high concentration of water than the cell |
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Facilitated diffusion |
A type of passive transport. It moves substance down their concentration gradient without using the cell's energy |
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Eukaryotic cells |
In organisms whose cells have a nucleus an internal compartment that houses the cell's DNA - uses flagella for movement; some uses cilia |
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Prokaryotic cells |
A single celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other internal compartments; has a cell , lack of supporting skeleton, made of strands of polysaccharides connected by short chains of amino acids, has flagella - simple and small one to two um in diameter - |
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Endoplasmic reticulum: ER |
Membrane system of tubules, vesicles, and sac in cells sometimes having attached ribosomes. - rough ER has ribosomes, smooth ER does not |
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Mitochondria |
Membraneous organelle in which aerobic cellular respiration produces the energy carrier ATP |
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Ribosomes |
Attached to ER or loose in the cytoplasm and is the site of protein synthesis |
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Plasma membrane |
Membrane surrounding the cytoplasm that consists of phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; functions to regulate the entrance and exit of molecules from |
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Vacuole |
Membraneous cavity filled with fluid |
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Chloroplast |
Membraneous organelle that contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis |
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Golgi apparatus |
Materials for export |
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Autotroph |
They make their own sugars during photosynthesis = producers - produces food for all other organisms |
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Heterotroph |
Must get there sugars, carbohydrates, for energy from other sources Consumers - consume the food provided by plants |
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Photosynthesis |
- the process by which plants convert the sun's energy, water and carbon dioxide to get sugar and oxygen - take place in the chloroplast - chlorophyll is the molecule that receives the sun's energy - chloroplast are in the mesophyll cells of the leaves and stem |
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1/2 major reactions in photosynthesis: light dependent |
- aka light reaction, photolysis - light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll which uses energy to split water. Oxygen is released to the outside of the cell, the H part of h2o is carried to the dark reaction with NADPH - some ATP energy is made here |
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2/ 2 major reactions in photosynthesis: light independent reactions |
- aka dark reaction, carbon fixation: Calvin cycle - Co2 from the outside is combined with the H part of NADPH to make sugar from the cell; NADP+ goes back to light dependent reactions - ATP is used to combine the co2 and H; ADP goes back to light dependent reactions |
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Photosynthesis equation |
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Chlorophyll/enzymes 👉 C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 ( reverse this formula is cellular respiration) |
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What are two different types of fermentation? |
1. Lactic acid 2. Alcohol |
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By going through glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain, a cell can make between 36 and 38 ATP as opposed to just the two of glycolysis |
In the ETC, oxygen joins with electrons and protons to make water |
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Mitosis |
Type of cell division in which starter cells receive the exact chromosomes in genetic makeup of the parent cell; occurs during growth and repair - the process by which the contents of the eukaryotic nucleus are separated into two genetically identical packages |
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Nuclei |
Cells organelles containing most of the genetic material of the cell; collection of nerve cell bodies within the central nervous system; center of an atom consisting of protons and neutrons |
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Mitosis stages |
Chromosomes replicate prior to the beginning of mitosis 1. Chromosomes condense and become visible under a light microscope; joined at the centromere.
Prophase: - chromosomes coil up: becomes visible - Nuclear envelope dissolves - spindle forms Metaphase: - chromosomes move to the middle equator and line up - spindle fibers link the chromatids of each chromosomes and to the centrioles Anaphase: - centromeres divide - Chromatids turn into chromosomes move towards opposite poles Telophase: - opposite of prophase stage - nuclear envelope forms at each poles - chromosomes uncoil - spindle dissolves - cytokinesis begins - mitosis has ended |
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Sister chromatids |
One of the two genetically identical chromosomal units that are the result of DNA replication and are attached to each other at the centromere |
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Centromere |
Constricted region of a chromosome with sister chromatids are attached to one another and where the chromosomes attaches to the spindle fiber |
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Microtubule |
Organelle composed of 13 rows of proteins; Brandon multiple units within other organelles such as centrioles, cilia, flagella, as well as spindle |
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Centriole |
Short organelle in animal cells that contain microtubules in a 9 1 0 pattern; present in a centrosome and associated with the formation of basal bodies |
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Meiosis |
To reduce the number of chromosomes by half - prior to sexual reproduction; Making of your egg and sperm - Final product of meiosis, for daughter cells, each contain 1 chromatid from each original homologous pair, for a total of 2 chromosomes |
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Sexual reproduction |
Reproduction that occurs through fusion of two gametes; result is genetic diversity |