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80 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What is the purpose of DNA replication?

Before a cell divides into 2 new daughter cells, it needs to double the number of chromosomes.

How do you remember the three steps of DNA Replication?

UUNNBCPANB


(unidentified unsub never needs binoculars cuz prentice always needs bullets)


Unwind, Unzip, New, Nucleotides, Bind, Comp., Pairs, Adjacent, Nucleotides, Bind

Where is the location of DNA Replication?

Nucleus, mitochondrion, and plant chloroplasts

What two enzymes are required for DNA Replication?

Helicase and DNA Polymerase

What are the products of DNA Replication?

-2 DNA molecules that contains 1 original/parental strand + 1 new complementary strand


-semi-conservative replication (.5 of original DNA is conserved and matched with a new comp. strand)

1. Unzipping

-2 strands of DNA unwind and unzip the H-bonds between N-bases pairs using Helicase


-each strand now acts as a template

2. Complementary Base Pairing

-new nucleotides present in the nucleus (TCAG) bond with the complementary pairs on the parental using DNA polymerase

3. Joining of Adjacent Nucleotides

-Adjacent nucleotides join/form a bond (phosphodiester bond) with the help of DNA polymerase ("proof reader") to form new sugar-phosphate backbone resulting in 2 identical DNA molecules


-this is referred to as semi-conserative

What is Recombinant DNA?

DNA/genome from two different organisms are spliced together to obtain a desired trait or perform a specific function


The manipulation of a genome from 2 or more sources (such as bacteria, plants, animals)

What is a genome?

Heredity information

What are two examples of recombinant DNA having to do with transgenic (genetically altered/GMO's) organisms?

Transgenic animals used to increase productivity, produce pharmaceuticals, produce organs, research in cancer/tumor cells, etc.


Transgenic bacteria used for vaccines, biofilter airborne pollutants, synthesize hormones, enzymes for making cheese, clean oil spills, etc.

What are some other examples of recombinant DNA?

To give an organism a metabolic capability it didn't possess before (goats and spiders- super high protein milk)


Production of DNA probes for paternity/maternity, body ID, evolutionary relationships

What is protein synthesis?

The synthesis of proteins from amino acids.

Where does protein synthesis occur? (generally, not specifically. Where in cell?)

Nucleus and cytoplasm

What does protein synthesis require?

A source of ATP

How are genetic codes for proteins arranged?

In triplet codes/sequences (TAC, CAT, ACG, GAG)

What is the exact site of protein synthesis?

On the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

What is the role of DNA in protein synthesis?

-provides a template for mRNA to be produced


-contains genetic information/genetic code/triplet codes/genes for the synthesis of protiens

What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

-carries the transcribed triplet codes/coded message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm


Eg. codons


-sets the order of amino acids for protein synthesis by the sequence of codons


-acts as a template to make proteins at the ribosomes during translation

What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

-provides a site for mRNA and tRNA to join together by complementary base pairing


-site for protein synthesis where it translates mRNA and allows amino acids to bond (peptide)


What is a codon?

3 bases/nucleotides in a RNA sequence which specify a single amino acid


AAA, UCA, GUG

What makes up a ribosome?

-rRNA and protein make up the small subunit and the large subunit of a ribosome


-small subunit --> binding site for mRNA


-large subunit --> 2 binding sites for the tRNA


-----------------------> amino acid and a d.s. site

What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

-carries the specific amino acid to the ribosomes where its anticodon (triplet of A U C or G) complementary base pairs with a specific mRNA codon

What is the importance of methionine?

AUG is the start codon on mRNA because it triggers the start of translation.

What is the importance of UAA, UGA, UAG?

They are the stop codons on mRNA. They signal the ribosomes to stop linking amino acids together, terminate protein synthesis and release the protein.

What are the two steps (acts) of protein synthesis?

Transition and Translation

What are the three smaller parts (scenes) of the two 'acts'?

Initiation


Elongation


Termination

Transcription; Initiation

-RNA polymerase initiates transcription by locating and binding to the beginning of a gene/code on the DNA

Transcription; Elongation

-Helicase unwinds and unzips DNA, breaks H-bonds and provides a template for mRNA formation


-RNA polymerase travels down the template and complementary base pairs RNA polymerase with DNA codon forming a mRNA


-RNA polymerase joins adjacent nucleotides to mRNA forming the sugar phosphate backbone

Transcription; Termination

-RNA polymerase reaches termination sequence at end of gene code/gene and STOPS mRNA synthesis


-RNA polymerase releases the mRNA and detaches from the DNA


-mRNA exits nucleus through it's pores & enters the cytoplasm


-DNA rejoins

Where does Transcription occur?

Nucleus

What is the product of Transcription?

mRNA

What are the required enzymes for Transcription?

Helicase and RNA Polymerase

Where is the location of Translation?

Cytoplasm at the ribosome

What is the product of Translation?

Protein/polypeptide chain

What happens before Initiation in Translation?

tRNAs in the cytoplasm attach the correct amino acid to the one end (aided by enzymes)

Translation; Initiation

-tRNA~methionine/start codon binds to small subunit and this binds to the mRNA


-tRNA anticodon (UAC) complementary pairs with mRNA start codon (AUG - methionine)


-large subunit binds to the small subunit making the ribosome

Translation; Elongation

-another tRNA~aa with it's anticodon complementary base pairs with mRNA codon on ribisome


-ribosomes move along one codon to receive the next incoming tRNA~aa


-amino acids (aa) undergoes dehydration synthesis and forms a peptide bond


-empty tRNA will bond with another aa in the cytoplasm

Translation; Termination

-synthesis of polypeptide until a stop codon on mRNA


-there are no tRNA molecules with anticodon for the stop codons


(protein release factors recognises these codon when they arrive at the mRNA)


-termination of protein synthesis occurs


-the polypeptide chain and mRNA release from the ribosomes and the ribosome subunits seperate

Agents that cause mutations are ____________.

Mutagens

Mutagens include...

UV Radiation


X-Rays


Gamma rays


Industrial chemicals


Formaldehyde


Chemicals in cigarette smoke

What also causes mutations, and how?

Viruses


They add or delete a nucleotide or by adding a new section of DNA from another organism


(Viruses change a proto-oncogene (normal gene) into an oncogene/cancer-causing gene eg. HIV)

All gene mutations involve altering ________________.

The code/codons


ie. Sequence of amino acids or number or sequence of N-bases within the DNA molecule during replication

Altering the code for protein synthesis of proteins may result in _______________ _________ combining ________________ __________ _________ with _______________ _________ _________ and therefore function is impaired.

Different codons


Different amino acids


Different protein shapes

Diseases/disorders caused by gene mutations include...

Sickle-cell anemia causing sickle shaped rbc's


Cystic Fibrosis


Muscular dystrophy

If the protein is an enzyme, (enzyme + substrate) __________ may not occur or if the protein is a membrane protein, the ______ _______________ will not function properly.

Reactions


Cell membrane

What are the three types of gene/DNA mutations?

1. Deletion


2. Addition


3. Subsitution

Deletion

One or more nucleotides are deleted (frameshift mutation

Example of Deletion

Normal DNA


TAC|GGG|ATG|TCA


Mutation


TAG|GGA|TGT|CA


(the c of the first codon was removed)

Addition

One or more nucleotides are added (frameshift mutation)

Example of Addition

Normal DNA


TAC|GGG|ATG|TCA


Mutation


ATA|CGG|GAT|GTG|A


(a was added)

Substitution

Involves a replacement of a single nucleotide with another, and therefore a change in a specific codon (point mutation)

Examples of Substitiution

Normal DNA


TTC


mRNA


AAG = Lysine



Mutated DNA


ATT (A substituting for T)


mRNA


UAG = STOP



Drastic Effect as UAG is a stop codon.


the resulting protein may be too short and unable to function for the cell.

What is an example of single base substitution mutation causing a disease/disorder?

Sickle-cell anemia


Glutamate (DNA code CTC or CTT) is changed into Valise (DNA code CAT, CAG, CAA, CAC)


Sickle-cell anemia

Normal DNA


...GGA|CTC


mRNA


...CCU|GAG


Amino Acid


-Proline-Glutamate



A substitutes for T mutation (single base substitution)


Normal DNA


...GGA|CTC


Mutated DNA


...GGA|CAC



mRNA


...CCU|GUG


Amino Acid


-Proline-Valine

Drastic effect as sickle-cell anemia alters ONE codon and changes _____________ to _____________. Their chemical properties (are the same/differ) which causes RBC's to become _______________ __________-__________. These rigid inflexible cells cannot move through blood vessels easily which _________ blood vessels, and therefore (less/more) transport of gases to tissue cells occurs.

Gultamate


Valine


Differ


Abnormally


Sickle-shaped


Blocks


Less


The term codon is used to describe a sequence of bases in
-DNA
-rRNA
-tRNA
-mRNA
mRNA
Which of the following is the second step of DNA replication?
A. The formation of 2 new DNA molecules
B. Complementary base pairing of nitrogenous bases
C. The breaking of hydrogen between the nbases
D. The joining of bonds between the sugar and phosphate backbone
B
The process of translation occurs at the ribosome. True or false?
True
The genetic code is based upon the reading of how many bases at a time?
1
2
3
4
3
How many codons are needed to specify 3 amino acids?
3
What processes happen in the nucleus?
Transcription and replication of DNA
What defines a codon?
The genetic code word of three bases on mRNA that specify one amino acid
The term codon is used to describe a sequence of bases in
-DNA
-rRNA
-tRNA
-mRNA
mRNA
Which of the following is the second step of DNA replication?
A. The formation of 2 new DNA molecules
B. Complementary base pairing of nitrogenous bases
C. The breaking of hydrogen between the nbases
D. The joining of bonds between the sugar and phosphate backbone
B
The process of translation occurs at the ribosome. True or false?
True
The genetic code is based upon the reading of how many bases at a time?
1
2
3
4
3
How many codons are needed to specify 3 amino acids?
3
What processes happen in the nucleus?
Transcription and replication of DNA
What defines a codon?
The genetic code word of three bases on mRNA that specify one amino acid
The term codon is used to describe a sequence of bases in
-DNA
-rRNA
-tRNA
-mRNA
mRNA
Which of the following is the second step of DNA replication?
A. The formation of 2 new DNA molecules
B. Complementary base pairing of nitrogenous bases
C. The breaking of hydrogen between the nbases
D. The joining of bonds between the sugar and phosphate backbone
B
The process of translation occurs at the ribosome. True or false?
True
The genetic code is based upon the reading of how many bases at a time?
1
2
3
4
3
How many codons are needed to specify 3 amino acids?
3
What processes happen in the nucleus?
Transcription and replication of DNA
What defines a codon?
The genetic code word of three bases on mRNA that specify one amino acid
What are the nucleotide pairings of DNA with mRNA?
TA. AU. CG. GC
What are the nucleotide pairings of tRNA with mRNA?
AU. CG. GC. UA.
What is changed in sickle cell
anemia?
Glutamate is changed to Valine