Biology B4 - Cell Biology

Front 1

What are organic molecules?

Back 1

Contain carbon, usually associated with H, O, S, N and P

Front 2

What are biological molecules?

Back 2

Large organic molecules/polymers essential to life and are divided into four classes.

Front 3

What four classes are biological molecules divided into?

Back 3

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Front 4

Monomers

Back 4

The building blocks/unit molecules of organic/biological molecules/polymers.

Front 5

Polymers

Back 5

Monomers bonded together to make larger molecules through synthesis reactions.

Front 6

What is the chemical composition of proteins?

Back 6

C, H, O, N, and S (unique)

Front 7

What are the functions of proteins?

Back 7

They are structural components of

-enzymes

-protein hormones

-neurotransmitters

-red blood cells

-plasma proteins

-cell membrane

-ligaments, tendons, bond (collagen)

-nails, hair, skin (keratin)

-antibodies

-microfilaments

Front 8

What are the monomers of proteins?

Back 8

Amino acids (áá)

Front 9

What kind of bond forms between amino acids?

Back 9

Peptide bonds

Front 10

What are the polymers of proteins?

Back 10

Collagen

Keratin

Hemoglobin

Plasma Protiens

Glycoprotiens

Channel

Carrier/pumps

Receptor protiens

Enzymes

Hormones

Neurotransmitters

Antibodies

Microfilaments

Actin+Myosin

Front 11

What are the four levels of organization of proteins?

Back 11

Primary (1*) Structure

Secondary (2*)...

Tertiary (3*)...

Quaternary (4*)...

Front 12

Primary Structure

(shape, bonds, examples)

Back 12

Linear sequence of amino acids

Peptide bonds

...

Front 13

Secondary Structure

(shape, bonds, examples)

Back 13

Alpha helix or beta helix

H-bonds

Keratin

Front 14

Tertiary Structure

(shape, bonds, examples)

Back 14

3D globular shape (helix/2* folded upon itself)

H-bonds, covalent, ionic between R-groups

Enzymes (amylase, lipase, maltase... etc)

Front 15

Quaternary Structure

(shape, bonds examples)

Back 15

2 or more polypeptide chains/subunits assembled into a 3D globular shape

H-bonds and covalent bonds

Hemoglobin

Front 16

Why is the shape of a protein important to it's function?

Back 16

Exposure to extreme temperatures, pH, or heavy metals will change the shape of a protein by destroying bonds and these molecules will no longer be able to function. Enzymes denature (unfold). Won't be able to catalyse/ speed up a reaction.

Front 17

What's the chemical composition of carbohydrates?

Back 17

C, H, O

Front 18

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Back 18

-Source of energy (glucose)

-Storage of energy (glycogen) in liver and muscle cells; storage of glucose in plants from Photosynth. as starch*

-structural component of

1. plant cell wall (cellulose) for rigidity and support

2. DNA and RNA

3. Glycoprotein and Glycoproteins for recognition of microorganisms

Front 19

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

Back 19

Monosaccharides

Front 20

What are examples of monosaccharides?

Back 20

Glucose

Fructose

Ribose

Deoxyribose

Front 21

What is the empirical formula for carbohydrates?

Back 21

CnH₂nO₂

Front 22

What are examples of disaccharides?

Back 22

Maltose

Sucrose

Front 23

What are examples of polysaccharide (polymers of carbohydrates hint hint)?

Back 23

Cellulose

Starch

Glycogen

Front 24

Cellulose

(plant or animal, functions, linkage, bonds, branch descriptions)

Back 24

Plant cell

Support and rigidity

Straight chain of glucose

B-Glycosidic Bond

Front 25

Why can't cellulose be digested?

Back 25

B-Glycosidic bond cannot be digested by humans as we do not have the necessary enzymes.

Front 26

Starch

(plant or animal, functions, linkage, bonds, branch descriptions)

Back 26

Plants

Storage form of glucose

Chains of glucose

A few side branches

Front 27

Glycogen

(plant or animal, functions, linkage, bonds, branch descriptions)

Back 27

Animals

Storage form of glucose

Chains of glucose

Many side branches

Front 28

What do enzymes do?

Back 28

Act as catalysts for all cellular chemical reactions.

Front 29

What do protein hormones do?

Back 29

They send chemical messages

Aid metabolism

Provide physiological effects

Front 30

What do neurotransmitters do?

Back 30

Transmit signals between neurons.

Front 31

What do red blood cells (made up of Hb) do?

Back 31

Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, H+

Act as buffers

Front 32

What do plasma proteins do?

Back 32

Clots blood

Maintains blood volume and BP

Front 33

What does the cell membrane?

Back 33

Allows passage of water, ions, small water molecules, and amino acids

Recognizes foreign cells and mircoorganisms

Front 34

What do ligaments, tendons, and bones (collagen) do?

Back 34

Provide bond and muscle attachments

Strength and stability

Muscle (actin+myosin) facilitates movement

Front 35

What do microfilaments (cytoskeleton filaments/contractile proteins) do?

Back 35

Provide movement of organelles

Front 36

What are the parts of a amino acid?

Back 36

Carboxyl Group (Acid Group) (COOH)

Remainder Group

Amine Group (NH₂)

Front 37

Hydrolysis

Back 37

(-H₂O) Polymers turning into monomers

Breaking up

Front 38

Dehydration Synthesis

Back 38

(+H₂O) Monomers turning into polymers

Putting together

Front 39

What is the chemical composition of lipids?

Back 39

C, H, O

Front 40

What are some characteristics of lipids?

Back 40

Fat soluble

Water insoluble

Non polar

Dissolve in alcohol, gasoline, and paint thinner

(Hydrocarbon chains make neutral fats non polar; thus they do not interact with water)

Front 41

What are the three classes of lipids?

Back 41

Neutral fats (triglycerides)

Phospholipids

Steroids

Front 42

Neutral Fats

(functions, examples)

Back 42

Long term

-energy source

-energy storage

Insulation

Protection (organs)

[Under skin, around kidneys, within abdomen, in breasts]

Front 43

Phospholipids

(functions)

Back 43

Structural component of CM and membrane organelles

Regulates (in/out)

Flexibility + Fluidity to CM --> vesicle formation

Front 44

Steroids

(functions, examples)

Back 44

Sexual characteristics

Homeostasis

Stability + Fluidity to the CM

Synthesis of sex hormones, aldosterone and vitamin D

Front 45

What do steroids include?

Back 45

Cholesterol, hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D.

Front 46

What sex hormones etc. do steroids produce, and what are there functions? Where are produced?

Back 46

Estrogen + Progesterone: Ovaries, maintains sex characteristics and the uterine lining in females.

Testosterone: Testes, maintains sex characteristics.

Aldosterone: Adrenal gland, regulates (Na+/K+) and thus water in kidneys

Front 47

What are the functions of cholesterol?

Back 47

Major constituent in the cell membrane providing stability

Precursor of a water hormone, aldosterone, and sex hormones/steroids

Front 48

What is bile? Where is it made? What are the functions? Why is it so important?

Back 48

A modified cholesterol molecule (bile acids)

Produced in the liver

Emulsifying neutral fats into fat droplets (an emulsion) in the small intestine. This increases the SA for lipase (enzyme) to break down the fat droplets.

Front 49

Is Emulsifying a chemical or physical change?

Back 49

Physical; physically breaks up molecules.

Front 50

Precursor

Back 50

Base

Front 51

What are the monomers of lipids?

Back 51

Glycerol and fatty acids

Front 52

Saturated fat

(bonds, examples)

Back 52

Single covalent bond between C's

Butter and lard

Front 53

Unsaturated fat

(bonds, examples)

Back 53

One or more double bonds

Vegetable oils, fish oils

Front 54

What are the characteristics of a phospholipid?

Back 54

C, H, O, N, and a phosphate group

The phosphorus containing polar head is hydrophilic and the fatty acid chains of non-polar tails are hydrophobic

1 fatty acid is saturated and the other is unsaturated with a significant bend in the tail

Third fatty acid is replaced with **N and a phosphate group**

Front 55

What kind of bonds do lipids have?

Back 55

Ester bonds.

Front 56

Describe the formation of a lipid polymer and a lipid monomer.

Back 56

1) formation of polymer through dehydration synthesis

-ester bonds form between the joining glycerol and 3 fatty acids; plus 3 waters

2) formation of monomers though hydrolysis

-in a triglyceride, the ester bonds between the glycerol and 3 fatty acids are destroyed by adding 3 waters

Front 57

What is the chemical composition of nucleic acids?

Back 57

C, H, O, N, and P

Front 58

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

Back 58

DNA and RNA

Front 59

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Back 59

Nucleotides

Front 60

What are nucleotides made out of?

Back 60

Phosphate

N-base

Sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)

Front 61

What are the nitrogenous bases?

Back 61

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

Thymine *DNA

Uracil *RNA

Front 62

Adenine and Guanine are ____________ bases.

Back 62

Purine (2 rings)

Front 63

Cytokine, Thymine, and Uracil are _____________ bases.

Back 63

Pyrimidine (1 ring)

Front 64

Formation of a nucleic acid polymer through dehydration synthesis?

Back 64

A bond forms between the adjoining nucleotides and assisted by polymerases

Backbone of S-P-S-P-S etc. is formed (sugar phosphate)

Front 65

Formation of nucleic acid monomers through hydrolysis?

Back 65

Bonds between the adjacent nucleotides are destroyed within the nucleic acid polymer.

Front 66

What are the polymers of nucleic acids?

Back 66

RNA and DNA

Front 67

RNA

(where is it found, shape, type of sugar, N-bases, types, functions)

Back 67

Nucleus and cytoplasm

Linear, single strand of nucleotides

Ribose

A *U* G C

mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA), and rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

Helps with protein synthesis via 3 RNA's

Front 68

DNA

(where is it found, shape, type of sugar, N-bases, bonds)

Back 68

Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast

Double helix or alpha helix of nucleotides wrapped around protein molecules to form chromatin

Deoxyribose

A *T* G C

H-bonds

Front 69

What are the functions of DNA?

Back 69

Stores genetic information

Contains codes for protiens

Maintains growth and repair

Controls all cellular activities

Ensures each daughter call & gametes receives exact genetic information

Front 70

What is ATP?

Back 70

A nucleotide with 3 attached phosphate groups but not classified as a nucleic acid

"energy carrier molecule" of cells

Front 71

What makes up ATP?

Back 71

Adenine base

5-C sugar

3 phosphate groups attached by high energy bonds

Front 72

What are the functions of ATP?

Back 72

Source of energy

1) building molecules, transport of materials in/out of cells, such as active transport, endo/exocytosis, Na+/K+ pumps, absorption of materials, cell division, movement, and growth and repair of cells

2) all chemical reactions of cells

Front 73

How can you remember the functions of ATP?

Back 73

EBTNACG

Elephants begin to notify a cop. Good!

(energy--> building, transport, Na+/K+ pumps, absorption of materials, cell division, growth and repair)

Front 74

How does the structure of ATP relate to it's role as the "energy currency" of cells?

Back 74

ATP can be used as a readily available source of energy when it goes through hydrolysis and the high energy bond of the 3rd phosphate group is broken.

Front 75

What is the equation for ATP?

Back 75

ATP --> energy + ADP + phosphate

ADP + phosphate group + energy --> ATP

ADP is reusable but requires energy to reattach the third phosphate group to produce another ATP molecule

Front 76

How can you remember the functions of DNA?

Back 76

SCMCE

Super cop murders cute elephant

(Stores genetic info, contains codes for proteins, maintains g + r, controls cell act., ensures each D. cell and gamete receives exact genetic info)

Front 77

Is water a organic molecule?

Back 77

NO, does not contain carbon.

Front 78

Is water polar or non polar?

Back 78

Polar.

Front 79

What kind of bond exists between hydrogen and oxygen?

Back 79

Covalent.

Front 80

Explain why water is a polar molecule.

Back 80

The electrons of a water molecule are shared unevenly and spend more time orbiting oxygen than hydrogen. This results in a slight positive charge on the hydrogen side and a slight negative charge on the oxygen side, therefore making water a polar molecule.

Front 81

What kind of bond exists between adjacent water molecules.

Back 81

H-bonds.

Front 82

Water will associate into _____.

Back 82

Ions.

Front 83

Water as the "universal solvent"

Back 83

Due to it's polarity water surrounds and breaks apart molecules. As a result, the ions and molecules move around, collide and cause reactions to occur.

eg. Blood circulating dissolved ions and molecules, causing reactions involving oxygen and carbon dioxide to be picked up and transported to and from tissues and lungs

Front 84

What are the three properties/roles of water?

Back 84

1) Universal solvent

2) Temperature regulator

3) Lubricant

Front 85

Water as a temperature regulator

Back 85

The many h-bonds cause water to absorb/store or release large amounts of heat energy, therefore protecting cells/body from a significant change in temperature.

Eg. sweating

Front 86

Water as a lubricant

Back 86

Lubricants cell parts, body structures and reduces frictions. The many h-bonds reduces large amount of heat energy generated by friction.

Eg. Tears, saliva

Front 87

Dissociation

Back 87

Separating/breaking apart molecules; frequently in polar molecules.

Front 88

Acids

Back 88

Molecules that dissociate into water, releasing hydrogen (H+) ions in solution.

Front 89

Bases

Back 89

Molecules that release more hydroxide ions (OH-) in water or take up hydrogen ions (H+) thus reducing the amount of H+ ions in solution.

Front 90

What does pH indicate?

Back 90

The strength of an acid or basic/alkaline solution.

Front 91

1x10-⁴ [H+]... what pH?

Back 91

pH 4... acidic

Front 92

1x10-⁹ [H+]... what pH?

Back 92

pH 9... basic

Front 93

The stronger the acid, the greater the ______, the stronger the base, the greater the ______.

Back 93

H+

OH-

Front 94

Buffer

Back 94

A buffer will minimize changes in H+ and or OH- by taking up excess H+ or OH- or donating H+ or OH-.

Front 95

What are examples of buffers?

Back 95

Hemoglobin and bicarbonate ion (HCO₃-).

Front 96

Hemoglobin in the blood

Back 96

Hb picks up and transports excess H+ as HHb. This reaction is assisted by the enzyme, carbonic anhydrase.

Front 97

Importance of pH to Biological Systems

Back 97

In animal cells and plants, pH needs to be maintained within a narrow range to facilitate all chemical and enzymatic reactions.

Front 98

What happens if pH is not stabilized?

Back 98

pH that is too acidic or basic causes proteins and enzymes to denature (their 3D shape and biological properties are destroyed and all chemical reactions involved in dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis, cell rep, protein synthesis, active transport, digestion, etc. )

Front 99

Sodium hydroxide is an example of...

Back 99

Base

Front 100

How do you remember the functions of carbohydrates?

Back 100

SSS:PDGG

(Source, Storage; Structural; Plant Cell Walls, DNA, RNA, Glycoprotein, Glycolipids)

Sassy Sally Says Pedophiles Don't Get Good

Front 101

How do you remember the functions of neutral fats? (lipids)

Back 101

SSIP

((long term) Source, Storage, Insulation, Protection)

Front 102

How do you remember the functions of phospholipids?

Back 102

SRFF

(Structural component, regulates, flexibility + fluidity (vesicle))

Front 103

How do you remember the functions of steroids?

Back 103

SHSFS-(P for last)

(Sexual characteristics, homeostasis, stability/fluidity, precursor for the synthesis of sex hormones, aldosterone, and VD)

Front 104

What are some examples of enzymes?

Back 104

Amylase, DNA polymerase, Pepin, Maltese, carbonic anhydrase

Front 105

What are examples of protein hormones?

Back 105

Thyroxin, insulin, oxytocin, ADH, TSH, FSH, LH, epinphrine

Front 106

What are examples of neurotransmitters?

Back 106

Acetylcholine, norepinephrine

Front 107

What's an example of plasma proteins?

Back 107

Fibrinogen

Front 108

Ligaments, tendons and bone are made out of ____________.

Back 108

Collagen

Front 109

Nails, hair and skin are made out of ___________.

Back 109

Keratin

Front 110

Microfilaments are made up of ___________.

Back 110

Cytoskeleton filaments/contractile proteins

Front 111

How do you remember the functions of cholesterol?

Back 111

SP
(Stability to CM, precursor of a water regulatory hormone, aldosterone, sex hormones/steroids)

Front 112

What, technically, are carbohydrates?

Back 112

Sugars (ribose, glucose, etc.)

Front 113

How do you remember the functions of proteins?

Back 113

EPNRPCLNAM

(epinrpclnam)

Structural component to (enzymes, protein hormones, neurotransmitters, rbc's, plasma proteins, CM, ligaments etc, nails etc, antibodies, microfilaments)