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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many bonds does oxygen have?
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two bonds
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What is the chemical makeup of glucose?
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C6H12O6
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What are hydrocarbons? What are some examples?
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They burn well and are full of energy. This is an example of activation energy. Examples of this are oil/gas and C3H8.
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Does glucose have energy bonds and what does it have to be broken down into?
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Yes. Glucose has energy rich bonds, and it has to be broken down into ATP.
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Where do we get glucose from?
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Plants make glucose with sunlight.
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What are autotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemautotrophs, and heterotrophs?
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1.) autotrophs - can make their own food
2.) photoautotrophs - make glucose from photosynthesis 3.) chemautotrophs - chemically make food for themselves 4.) heterotrophs - rely on energy from consuming chemial bonds |
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What is the balanced chemical equation for photosyntesis?
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6CO2+6H2O ---> C6H12O6+6O2
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What is the balanced chemical equation for respiration?
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C6H12O6+6O2 ---> 6CO2+6H2O
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Why do we need oxygen?
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To harvest energy from the food we eat.
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What do we do with energy that our cells release when they break down glucose?
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They charge ATP, which is the only form of energy we can use to do work.
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What are 3 different types of energy?
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-kinetic
-potential -thermal |
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What is a Calorie?
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It is what it takes to raise 1000g of water 1 degree Celsius.
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How many Calories are in fats, proteins, and carbohydrates?
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-fats = 9 Calories
-proteins = 4 Calories -carbohydrates = 4 Calories |
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Can ATP energy be directly used?
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Yes.
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What is this a picture of?
P-P-P-(ribose)-(adenosine) |
ATP!
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What does ADP look like?
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P P-P-(ribose)-(adenosine)
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What are three types of cellular work that need ATP?
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1.) Chemical work - building new chemicals
2.) Mechanical work - cellular movement 3.) Transport work - proteins change shape and "pops" out moleule (from low concentration to high concentration) |
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What's the first step of cellular respiration?
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Glycolysis!!
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What is glycolysis?
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The breaking down of sugar that every cell uses to start respiration. Aerobic and anaerobic cells both star here.
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Where does glycolysis occur?
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In the cytoplasm of the cell.
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Summary of glycolysis.
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OOOOOO+2ATP+2P ---> 2OOO+4ATP
(glusose) (enzymes) |
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What do you put into glycolysis, and what do you get out?
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4 ATP gained
- 2 ATP used ------------ 2 ATP |
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In a PROKARYOTIC cell, what happens to the full "dumptrucks" (or NADH)
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They go through fermentation, or they convert NADH back to NAD+.
2CO2 ^ l OOO ---> OO ^ l l v NAD+ NADH |
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What does fermentation turn the pyruvates into?
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For animal cells - lactic acid
For yeast - ethyl alcohol |
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What is the second stage of converting glucose into ATP?
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The citric acid cycle, or the Krebs cycle.
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Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
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In the matrix of the mitochondria.
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What have we gained?
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From: glycolysis 2 NADH 2ATP
pyruvic acid NADH 1ATP Krebs cycle 3 NADH FADH2 ----------------------------- 4NADH 2NADH 1FADH2 X2 ---> 8NADH 2FADH2 ------------ 10NADH 2FADH2 4ATP |
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What is the third stage of converting glucose into ATP?
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The electron transport chain.
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Describe the ETC
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when 2 electrons go from protein to protein, they loose energy and protein uses energy to push hydrogen through to the other side (into cytoplasm of cell and out of mitochondria). Then 34 ADP go through the synthase and create 34 ATP.
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What is chemiosmosis?
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The diffusion of H+ ions from one side of a membrane to the other through a protein (ATP synthase)
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How many ATPs does FADH and NADH make?
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FADH makes 2 ATP, while NADH makes 3 ATP.
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What is the hole in the bottom of a leaf called?
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stomata
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What is the middle section of a leaf called?
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The mesophyll
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Describe the cell structure in a leaf.
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On top (of the inside), the mesophyll cells are tightly packed. On the bottom (of the inside), the cells are loosely packed, so they are called spongy mesophyll. the mesophyll cells on top are filled with chloroplast.
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Describe the structure of a chloroplast.
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A chloroplast is a very simple structure. It is made of many thylakoids, which are in stacks, called grana. The thylakoids also have chlorohyll on them, which is what makes them green. The open space of a chloroplast is called the stroma.
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What is the first stage of Photosynthesis?
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The Light Dependent Reaction.
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Describe the Light Dependent Reaction.
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An electron gets "excited" (by sunlight hitting it) and jumps out of PSII and goes throught proteins (basically etc, but the hydrogens go to inside of mitochondria, not outside). Then, eletron goes to PSI and light excites it again and it goes out of membrane and is grabbed by an electron carrier (NADPH). Then PSII has to replace the electron, so it splits water into 2H+, e-, and O. The e- goes back into PSII.
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What do you get from the light dependent reaction?
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-ATP
-NADPH -H2O spliting, roducing O2 |
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What is the second step of Photosynthesis?
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Calvin Cycle.
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Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?
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In the Stroma.
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What does the Calvin Cylce produce?
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it turns 3CO2 into C3H6O3...
if it turns twice, you get C6H12O6, or glucose!! |
