Biology Ap Chapter 40: Human Body Tissues

Front 1

Human Body Organization

Back 1

Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ Systems - Organisms
-4 main types of tissue
-11 systems

Front 2

Human Body Tissues

Back 2

Tissues are made up of cells working together.
Human body has 4 main types of tissues:
-Muscle tissue
-Nervous tissue
-Epithelial tissue
-Connective tissue

Front 3

Muscle Tissue

Back 3

Humans have 3 types of muscle tissue:
-Skeletal
-Smooth
-Cardiac

Front 4

Skeletal

Back 4

moves the bones in your trunk, limbs, and face (attached to bones)

Front 5

Smooth

Back 5

involuntary muscles; digestive system

Front 6

Cardiac

Back 6

found in your heart; controls circulatory system

Front 7

Contractile Proteins of Muscle

Back 7

-Actin- thin
-Myosin-thick, center
Striated appearance of muscle is caused by these proteins arranged in a regular, repeating sequence

Front 8

Weight of Muscle

Back 8

Average body weight of skeletal muscle:
man - 40% woman - 20%

Front 9

Nervous Tissue

Back 9

-Nervous tissue controls your brain and nerves: electrical impulses
-Nervous tissue makes up your brain, spinal cord, nerves, and parts of your sensory organs (such as your eyes)

Front 10

Neurons

Back 10

(nerve cells) send and receive messages from muscles, glands, and other neurons (like in your brain and spinal cord)

Front 11

3 Types of Neurons:

Back 11

Sensory
Interneurons
Motor

Front 12

sensory neurons

Back 12

recieve sensory information and relays it to the CNS

Front 13

interneurons

Back 13

located in CNS
-relay within the brain/spinal cord

Front 14

motor neurons

Back 14

transmit messages from the CNS to effectors

Front 15

Basement Membrane

Back 15

-An underlying layer beneath the surface of the epithelial sheet to which the cells are attached
-Composed of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins

Front 16

Laminin

Back 16

-it’s the "glue" of our bodies
-Glycoprotein; structural scaffolding of basement membrane
-Non-collagenous
-Secreted/incorporated into extracellular matrices

Front 17

Epithelial Tissue

Back 17

Epithelial tissue lines all the internal and external body surfaces.
Ex: blood vessels; pharynx (windpipe), SKIN

Front 18

3 types of Epithelial Tissue:

Back 18

Classified according to
SHAPE:
-squamous
-cuboidal
-columnar
CELL LAYERS:
-simple
-stratified

Front 19

squamos

Back 19

flat cells

Front 20

cuboidal

Back 20

cubed cells

Front 21

columnar

Back 21

long column-like cells

Front 22

simple

Back 22

single layer

Front 23

stratified

Back 23

several layers

Front 24

Glands

Back 24

-Modified epithelial cells that synthesizes & secretes substances for export.
-Substances produced by glands: perspiration, saliva, milk, hormones, enzymes,mucus
Mucus lubricates & moistens
Some have cilia

Front 25

Connective Tissue

Back 25

Connective tissue binds, supports, and protects structures in the body.
-Most abundant tissue
-Most diverse type of tissue
Types of connective tissue:
-Bone
-Cartilage
-Tendons
-Fat
-Blood
-Lymph

Front 26

Connective Tissue (cont.)

Back 26

-Connective tissue is surrounded by matrix
Matrix can be solid, semisolid, or liquid.
-Bone cells are surrounded by a hard, crystalline matrix that contains calcium.
-Cartilage, tendons, and fat cells are surrounded by a semisolid matrix
-Blood and lymph cells are suspended in liquid matrix

Front 27

Organs and Organ Systems

Back 27

Organ- tissues that work together to carry out a specific function
Organ Systems:
-Skeletal- bones
-Muscular- muscles
-Integumentary- skin, hair, nails
-Cardiovascular- heart, blood vessels, and blood
-Respiratory- lungs, pharynx
-Immune- lymph nodes, WBCs
-Digestive- mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines
-Excretory- kidneys, bladder
-Nervous- brain, spinal cords, nerves, sense organs
-Endocrine- glands
-Reproductive- ovaries, testes, uterus

Front 28

Body Cavities

Back 28

Humans have true body cavities. This makes us coelomates.
Organs and organ systems are contained in body cavities.
4 main cavities in the human body:
-Cranial cavity- brain
-Spinal cavity- spinal cord
-Thoracic cavity- heart, esophagus, lungs, trachea
****separated by the diaphragm****
-Abdominal cavity- digestive, excretory, reproductive organs

Front 29

Diaphragm

Back 29

-Separates the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity
-The diaphragm is a thin dome shaped muscle which controls breathing rate

Front 30

Homeostasis

Back 30

Complex process involving:
-monitoring & regulation
-defenses against micro-organisms
-coordination of all organ systems

Front 31

Maintaining Homeostatis
Relationship: Surface Area to Volume

Back 31

-Single celled organisms – the entire surface contacts the environment. Because of its small size, the cell has a large surface area relative to its volume
-Multicellular organism must be able to exchange material in aqueous environments –
Interstitial fluid – all cells are bathe in fluid

Front 32

Measuring Metabolic Rate

Back 32

-Measured by monitoring an animals rate of heat loss
-Calorimeter – closed, insulated chamber equipped with a device that records the animal’s heat loss.
-Can be used on small animals only.

Front 33

Metabolic Rate

Back 33

The amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time – the sum of all the energy requiring biochemical reactions occurring over a given time interval

Front 34

Basal metabolic rate

Back 34

-The amount of energy needed for maintenance of life when the subject is at rest.
-Males have slightly higher average BMR (1,600-1,800 kcal/day) than women (1,300-1,500 kcal/day)
-Endothermic organisms have a higher BMR than Ectothermic organisms

Front 35

Endotherms

Back 35

-Endotherms (birds & mammals) are warmed by metabolism
-Endotherms generate heat internally to maintain a high and constant body temp.
-As a consequence, we are able to achieve/ sustain high levels of physical activity and mental alertness

Front 36

Ectothermic

Back 36

-Ectothermic (fishes, amphibians, reptiles & Invertebrates) do not produce enough metabolic heat to have much of an effect on body temp.
-Ectotherms requires much less energy than is needed by endotherms, because of the cost of heating an endothermic body.
-As a consequence, ectotherms are incapable of achieving high levels of physical activity and mental alertness

Front 37

Size of Organisms

Back 37

-Smaller endotherms have a higher BMR per gram than larger endotherms
-The amount of energy it takes to maintain each gram of body weight is inversely related to body size.
More difficult for unicellular or small multicellular organisms - extremely vulnerable to changes in the temperature & chemical composition.
-Requires a high BMR (more energy) to maintain a stable body temp.
-Also has higher breathing & heart rate, blood volume & eat more food.
Larger organisms have lower surface to volume ratios and protective outer coverings, have greater resistance