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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
RESPIRATORY
TRACT |
Pathway of gas exchange
between an orgaism and their environment. |
|
WHAT ARE THE
TWO TYPES OF RESPIRATION? |
Direct Respiration
Indirect Respiration |
|
WHAT IS
DIRECT RESPIRATION? |
Direct Respiration:
Gas exchange between an organism and and its environment |
|
WHAT IS
INDIRECT RESPIRATION? |
Cells not exposed to
the environment. Gases are brought to the cells by the blood stream. |
|
WHAT ARE THE
STAGES OF RESPIRATION? |
External Respiration
Internal Respiration |
|
WHAT IS
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION? |
External Respiration:
Exchange of gases between environment and blood. |
|
WHAT IS
INTERNAL RESPIRATION? |
Gas exchange
between blood & cells. |
|
WHAT ARE
THE NECESSARY FACTORS? |
Warm, moist air
Large surface area |
|
WHAT ARE THE
MECHANISMS FOR BREATHING? |
Breathing
Diaphragm Inspiration Expiration |
|
WHAT IS
BREATHING? |
Movement of air
into and out of the lungs. |
|
WHAT IS
THE DIAPHRAGM? |
Large muscle at the
base of the thoracit cavity. |
|
WHAT IS
INSPIRATION? (breathing) |
Ribs up and out
Diaphragm down and flat Stomach relaxes |
|
WHAT IS THE
RESULT OF INSPIRATION? (breathing) |
Thoracic cavity increases
air pressure decreases Air moves in |
|
WHAT IS
EXPIRATION? (breathing) |
Ribs down and in
Diaphragm relaxes & goes up Stomach contracts |
|
WHAT IS THE
RESULT OF EXPIRATION? (breathing) |
Thoracic cavity decreases
air pressure increases Air moves out |
|
WHAT IS
DIGESTION? |
The breakdown of
complex food materials into smaller molecules. |
|
WHAT ARE THE
TWO TYPES OF DIGESTION? |
Mechanical Digestion
Chemical Digestion |
|
WHAT IS
MECHANICAL DIGESTION? |
The physical breakdown
of foods by grinding, tearing & mixing. |
|
WHAT IS
CHEMICAL DIGESTION? |
Enzymes break down
complex molecules into simple molecules. |
|
DIGESTIONS TRACT
(if you were going down it) |
Oral Cavity
Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Anus Potty |
|
HOW LONG
IS THE DIGESTIVE TRACT? |
An adult's digestive tract
is about 30 feet (about 9 meters) long. |
|
ANATOMY OF
THE MOUTH |
Bolus: Masticates and lubricates food
Teeth: Used to chew (mastication/cut/tear/grind) Enamel Tongue: Manipulate Food Salivary Glands: Lubricant (99% water) Amilaze |
|
PHARYNX
|
Back of the throat.
Swallowing (Deglutition). |
|
WHAT IS SWALLOWING?
|
Becomes a voluntary
action as the phrarynx passes food to the esophagus which then becomes involuntary. |
|
EPIGLOTTIS
|
Tissue like flap that
covers the trachea when swallowing. |
|
ESOPHAGUS
|
Connect phrarynx to
the stomach. Paristalsis |
|
WHAT IS PARISALSIS?
|
Wave-like muscular
contraction if the alimentary canal. |
|
STOMACH
|
Cardiac Sphincter
Pyloric Sphincter Holds & mixes chyme Muscle action mixes food w/ enzymes and HCI Strong HCI kills cells, loosens tough fibrous material, erodes cementing material between cells. |
|
PANCREAS
|
Neutralizes stomach acid
by secreting a basic solution. Produces insulen which regulates blood sugar. Secretes digestive enzymes (proteases). |
|
WHAT ORGAN
PRODUCES INSULIN? |
The Pancreas
|
|
LIVER
|
Bile made; helps to emulsify.
Filters toxic substances from blood. Stores glycogen & vitamins. Gets rid of waste (urea) |
|
WHAT IS EMULSIFY?
|
to convert into an
emulsion. Emulsion: a preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid |
|
WHAT IS UREA?
|
The final nitrogenous
excretion product of many organisms. The chief solid component of urine. |
|
GALL
BLADDER |
Found directly belwo the liver
Storage facility for extra bile. |
|
SMALL INTESTINE
|
Digestion and nutrient
absorbtion; more enzymes; Villi |
|
WHAT ARE VILLI?
|
In the small intestine,
fingerlike structures which help increase surface acre for absorbtion of nutrients. |
|
LARGE INTESTINE
|
Water Absorbtion
E.Coli lives here. |
|
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM FUNCTION |
Delivers Nutrients & O2
to every cell in the body. Carries waste materials out of every cell in the body. |
|
BLOOD
COMPOSITION (Circulatory System) |
Red blood cells (RBCs)
White Blood Cells Platelets Plasma |
|
RED BLOOD
CELLS (Circulatory System) |
Red blood cells (RBCs):
Transport O2 Hemoglobin: Binds O2 to cells Made in the spleen |
|
WHAT IS
HEMOGLOBIN? |
The molecule in the red
blood cell that carries oxygen. Hemoglobin combines with oxygen in the lungs and releases it in the tissues. It is what makes blood red. |
|
WHITE BLOOD
CELLS (Circulatory System) |
When a germ or infection
enters the body, WBCs race toward the scene. Defense & immune system against desease. |
|
WHAT ARE
PLATELETS (Circulatory System) |
Platelets:
Protein fragments circulating in blood involved with blood clotting Fibrin |
|
WHAT IS
FIBRIN? |
Fibrin is a protein involved
in the clotting of blood. (Platelets) |
|
WHAT IS
PLASMA? |
Blood plasma is the liquid
component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. Plasma makes up about 65% of blood. |
|
NAME THE 5
TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS? (Circulatory System) |
Artories
Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins |
|
ARTORIES
|
Artories:
Carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Thick, muscular walls. |
|
ARTERIOLES
|
An arteriole is a small
diameter blood vessel that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries. |
|
CAPILLARIES
|
Capillaries are smallest of
the blood vessels. Tiny & thin walled, they connect arterioles and venules. |
|
VENULES
|
A venule is a small vein.
|
|
VEINS
|
Veins carry deoxygenated
blood back to the heart from the body. Thinned-walled valves in the large veins stop backflow. |
|
THE HEART
|
The heart is a hollow,
muscular organ which pumps blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. Double pump. |
|
THE RIGHT SIDE
OF THE HEART |
Right Side:
Recieves deoxygenated blood from the body. Sends this blood to the lungs to receive oxygen. |
|
THE RIGHT SIDE
OF THE HEART |
Left Side:
Recieves oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it out to the body. |
|
HEART ANATOMY
Parts of the Heart |
Right Atrium
Right Ventrical Left Atrium Left Ventricle |
|
HEART:
WHAT DOES THE RIGHT ATRIUM DO? |
Right Atrium:
Receives deoxygenated blood from the Venae Cavae. Blood is pushed through the A.V. valve into the right ventricle. |
|
WHAT IS THE
VENAE CAVAE? |
the veins that return the
deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart. |
|
WHAT ARE THE
A.V. VALVES? |
The two Atrioventricular
Valves ensure blood flows from the atria to the ventricles, and not the other way. |
|
WHAT DOES THE
RIGHT VENTRICLE DO? |
Receives deoxygenated
blood the the Right Atrium (RA). Pumps blood through he S.L. Valve into the pulmanary artery into the lungs where it recieves oxygen. |
|
WHAT ARE
THE S.L. VALVES? |
The two Semilunar Valves
are present in the arteries leaving the heart, and they prevent blood flowing back from the arteries into the ventricles. |
|
WHAT ARE
THE PULMONARY ARTERIES? |
The Pulmonary Arteries carry
blood from the heart to the lungs. They carry deoxygenated blood. |
|
WHAT ARE
THE PULMONARY VEINS? |
The pulmonary veins carry
oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the Left Atrium of the heart. |
|
WHAT DOES
THE LEFT ATRIUM DO? |
Oygenated blood returns
to the left atrium & is pushed through an AV Valve into the Left Ventricle. |
|
WHAT DOES
THE LEFT VENTRICLE DO? |
Oygenated blood is pumped
out through SL Valve into the Aorta & out to the body. |
|
WHAT IS
THE AORTA? |
The largest artery in the
body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. |
|
WHAT IS
"LUB DUB" |
The sound the heart
makes when the AV valves and the SL Valves shut. |
|
WHAT MAKES "LUB"
OF LUB-DUB? |
Ventricular contraction
AKA Systole SOund made when AV Valve shuts. |
|
WHAT MAKES
"DUB" OF LUB-DUB? |
Sound made by the closing
of the SL Valves. Ventricular relaxation. AKA Diastole. |
|
WHAT IS
DIASTOLE? |
Diastole is the period of time
when the heart relaxes after contraction. |
|
WHAT IS
VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE? |
Ventricular Diastole is when
the ventricles are relaxing. |
|
WHAT IS
SYSTOLE? |
Systole is the contraction
of the chambers of the heart, driving blood out of the chambers. |
|
COMMON HEART
PROBLEMS: |
Arrhythmia
(Irregular Heartbeat) Bradycardia (Heart-rate less than 60 bpm) Tachycardia (Heart-rate greater than 100 bpm) Fibrillation (Ventrical) Myocardial Infarction |
|
NERVOUS SYSTEM
|
A complex system of cells that communicate with each other.
-Neuron -Nerve Impulses |
|
IN THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM, WHAT IS A NEURON? |
A Nerve cell that
transmits electrical signals |
|
WHAT IS THE
NEURON STRUCTURE? |
Long, thin structure
that transmits an electrical signal. |
|
PARTS OF THE
NEURON STRUCTURE? |
Myelin Sheath
Dendrite Synaptic Cleft Neuro Transmitters |
|
MYELIN SHEATH
(NEURON STRUCTURE) |
A pi[id layer that covers
the neuron, insulates the axon, and speeds up transmission of action potentials. |
|
DENDRITE
(NEURON STRUCTURE) |
Part of the neuron that
receives signals from the axon. |
|
SYNAPTIC CLEFT
(NEURON STRUCTURE) |
A small gap between an
axon and a dendrite. This is the area where "synapse" occurs. |
|
NEURO TRANSMITTERS
(NEURON STRUCTURE) |
Electrical stimulus in the
neuron triggers the release of chemicals into the Synaptic Cleft. These chemicals trigger electrical activity in a second neuron. |
|
WHAT IS AN AXON?
(NEURON STRUCTURE) |
An axon, or nerve fiber,
is a long slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. |
|
NERVOUS SYSTEM
TYPES |
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System |
|
CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM |
Brain & Spinal cord
|
|
PERIPHERIAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM |
Afferent Neurons
Efferent Neurons Reflex |
|
AFFERENT
NEURONS |
Sensory neurons that
collect info from the body and send it to the CNS |
|
EFFERENT
NEURONS |
Motor neurons that
send info away from the CNS |
|
REFLEX
|
An involuntary movement
from stimulus (skips the brain) |
|
AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM |
Controls the internal
body conditions such as respiratioin and heart |
|
WHAT ARE THE
DIVISIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM? |
Sympathetic Division
Parasympathetic Division |
|
WHAT IS
SYMPATHETIC DIVISON? |
Sympathetic Division: Can
redirect blood flow away from the digestive organs, toward the heart & muscles. Controls activities that increase energy expenditures. |
|
WHAT IS
PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISON? |
Parasympathetic Division:
Controls activities that conserve energy expenditures. Causes organs to resume normal activity. |