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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Carbon dioxide in blood |
Most travels through blood dissolved in water to form carbonic acid (lowers pH) Some attached to hemoglobin |
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Organs and structures of respiratory system |
Nose Larynx Trachea Bronchi-branches Bronchioles Alveoli |
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Respiratory Purpose |
Bring oxygen and nutrients to every cell and expel co2 |
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Organs and structures of respiratory system |
Nose Larynx Trachea Bronchi-branches Bronchioles Alveoli |
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Nose |
Filtration of air, humidifier, warming of air |
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Larynx |
Speech production |
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Trachea |
Passageway
Lined with ciliated cells that produce a moving mass of mucus |
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Ciliated cells |
Tiny hairs |
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Bronchi branches |
Supply each lung with air |
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Bronchioles |
- repeated branches within each lung. - end in terminal bronchioles - end with small clusters of sacs called alveoli (one cell thick) |
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Alveoli |
Exchange air from lungs to blood stream by simple diffusion. - concentration of oxygen in alveoli is higher than in blood: oxygen in. - concentration of co2 in blood is higher than in alveoli: co2 out
Alveoli secrete surfactant |
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Surfactant |
Makes alveoli inflate and become thinner.
Premature infants do not make enough |
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Cellular respiration |
Intake of oxygen and output of co2.
C6H12O6 (glucose) + 02 = CO2 +H2O + ATP (energy) |
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How we breath |
1. Diaphragm contracts downward 2. Creates larger space, low pressure 3. Sucks in air 4. Diaphragm relaxes, moves upward 5. Space in lungs reduces, pressure rises. 6. Air moves outside body |
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How we breath |
1. Diaphragm contracts downward 2. Creates larger space, low pressure 3. Sucks in air 4. Diaphragm relaxes, moves upward 5. Space in lungs reduces, pressure rises. 6. Air moves outside body |
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Tidal volume |
How much air we breath in and out |
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Hemoglobin |
Carries most oxygen in the blood (98.5%) pH buffer Also carries carbon monoxide |
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Carbon dioxide in blood |
Most travels through blood dissolved in water to form carbonic acid (lowers pH) Some attached to hemoglobin High concentration to low concentration |
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Pulmonary disorders |
Sleep apnea Emphysema Tuberculosis Pneumonia |
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Sleep apnea |
Periodic cessation of breathing during sleep Caused by reduced output from respiratory center in brain (age related) Caused by narrowing or collapse of airways by soft tissue |
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Sleep apnea |
Periodic cessation of breathing during sleep Caused by reduced output from respiratory center in brain (age related) Caused by narrowing or collapse of airways by soft tissue |
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Tuberculosis |
Caused by infection of tubercle bacilli Results in: invasion of infected region by macrophages, formation of tubercles (walled off region of infected area), massive fibrosis (large cavities) |
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Pneumonia |
Any inflammatory condition of the lung in which alveoli are filled with fluid and blood cells - bacterial pneumonia caused by pneumococcal (strep) bacteria Alveoli become inflamed and porous to: fluid, rbc's, WBC's Susceptible: immunodeficient patients, elderly, infants, organ transplant recipients |
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COPD ( chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) |
Progressive disease that makes it hard to breath. Affects the passageway as well as alveoli. Examples: asthma, bronchitis emphysema and lung cancer |
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Asthma |
Cause: hypersensitivity to proteins found in pollen, dust, mold, food, animal hair
Difficulty breathing due to contraction of smooth muscles around bronchioles (swollen)
Cure: epinephrine (epi pen) Inhaler |
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Bronchitis |
Infection of lower respiratory tract (bronchi, bronchioles) |
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Emphysema |
Alveoli become brittle, causing them to rupture. Less capacity for gas exchange. Destroys elastic fibers in lungs and leads to decreased lung elasticity
Cause: smoking |
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Smoking |
Nicotine constricts terminal bronchioles Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin Tar is carcinogenic: excess mucus secretio Kills 430000 Americans each year |
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Lung cancer |
Leading cause of all deaths in US. 85% let linked to smoking |
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Chemical digestion |
Broken down with acids and enzymes |
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Mechanical digestion |
Broken down by chewing and churning in stomach |
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How is food moved to the blood stream? |
Macromolecules Must be broken down into their simplest form Broken down good must be absorbed by special absorbent cells |
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Proteins |
- Broken down into amino acids - Reassembled in the liver into new proteins - structural proteins: skin muscle hair - hormones: messengers |
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Proteins |
- Broken down into amino acids - Reassembled in the liver into new proteins - structural proteins: skin muscle hair - hormones: messengers |
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Polysaccharide |
- broken down into monosaccharides - glucose used for cell metabolism in the mitochondria - other monosaccharides reassembled in the liver to make new polysaccharides - glycogen: fuel for metabolism stored in liver |
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Lipids |
- broken down into glycerol and fatty acids - reassembled in the liver to form: steroid hormones (cholesterol testosterone estrogen cortisol ), cell membranes, storage fat |
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Nucleic acid |
Broken down into nucleotides Reassembled in the liver to form a DNA and RNA |
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Digestive tract |
30 feet long |
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Peristalsis |
Propelling movements include a wavelike motion Caused by alternating contraction behind a massive food of circular and longitudinal muscles |
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Ingestion |
Intake of food |
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Ingestion |
Intake of food |
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Digestion |
Breaking macromolecules into small molecules |
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Oral cavity |
Mouth, lips, tongue, palate, teeth |
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Mouth |
First portion of the alimentary canal; it functions to: receive food and begin mechanical digestion by chewing |
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Mouth |
First portion of the alimentary canal; it functions to: receive food and begin mechanical digestion by chewing |
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Lips |
Highly mobile and sensitive. Functions to: judge the taste of food and Judge the texture of food |
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Tongue |
Thick muscular covered by mucous membrane. Papillae provide friction for moving food around |
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Palate |
Roof of mouth: posterior soft palate closes off nasal cavity during swallowing |
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Palate |
Roof of mouth: posterior soft palate closes off nasal cavity during swallowing |
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Teeth |
Different teeth are adapted to handle food in different ways |
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Palate |
Roof of mouth: posterior soft palate closes off nasal cavity during swallowing |
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Teeth |
Different teeth are adapted to handle food in different ways |
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Salivary secretions |
1) Salivary gland to produce a watery fluid with salivary amylase. This breaks down starches and mucous cells that produce lubricating and binding mucus 2) they also secrete salivary lipase, which begins fat digestion 3) salivary gland's receive a stimulation that triggers the production of a large volume us liber at the site or smell of food |
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Pharynx |
The tongue pushes the chewed Moursund food into the pharynx (throat) |
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Esophagus |
1) A street collapsible passageway leading to the stomach 2) mucous glands Moisten lubricate and protect the inner lining of the tube 3) The lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) helps to prevent regurgitation of the stomach contents into esophagus |
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GERD ( gastroesophageal reflux disease) |
Distension of esophagus feels like chest pain or heart attack Stomach acids enter esophagus and cause heartburn - for a week sphincter: don't eat a large meal and they down in front of TV - smoking and alcohol make sphincter relax worsening the situation Caused by: coffee, chocolate, tomatoes, fatty foods, onions and mint |
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Stomach |
J shaped muscular organ that receives and mixes food with digestive juices, chemically breaks down proteins in an extremely acidic environment, Mechanically Churns food and propels food to the small intestine. Protected by mucus secreted by stomach lining |
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Stomach |
J shaped muscular organ that receives and mixes food with digestive juices, chemically breaks down proteins in an extremely acidic environment, Mechanically Churns food and propels food to the small intestine. Protected by mucus secreted by stomach lining |
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Ulcers |
Erosion of stomach lining. Occurs due to excessive acid in stomach. Caused by: acidic diet, stress, bacterium. |
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First organ of absorption |
Water alcohol medication |
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Liver |
The body's largest internal organ. Secretes bile. Helps and digestion of fats |
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Liver |
The body's largest internal organ. Secretes bile. Helps and digestion of fats |
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Hepatitis |
Inflammation of liver caused by virus drugs chemicals and alcohol Hepatitis A spread by fecal contamination into oral cavity. Hepatitis B spread by sexual contact contaminated syringe is and transfusion equipment saliva tears |
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Gallbladder |
Pear-shaped sac lying on the anterior surface of the liver. Stores bile |
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Pancreas |
Produces pancreatic juice of that aids digestion. 20 different enzymes |
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Pancreas |
Produces pancreatic juice of that aids digestion. 20 different enzymes |
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Pancreatic juice |
Enzymes that digest carbohydrates fats proteins and nucleic acid's |
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Small intestine |
Major organ of absorption. Covered with villi |
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Small intestine |
Major organ of absorption. Covered with villi |
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Villi |
Increase the absorptive surface. Nutrients pass through and into the blood |
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Small intestine |
Major organ of absorption. Covered with villi |
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Villi |
Increase the absorptive surface. Nutrients pass through and into the blood |
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Large intestine |
Colon. Reclaims water. Contains important bacteria which synthesize vitamins and use cellulose |
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Small intestine |
Major organ of absorption. Covered with villi |
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Villi |
Increase the absorptive surface. Nutrients pass through and into the blood |
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Large intestine |
Colon. Reclaims water. Contains important bacteria which synthesize vitamins and use cellulose |
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Appendicitis |
Inflammation due to blockage. Symptoms include high fever anorexia nausea vomiting pain. May lead to perforation and gangrene within 24 to 36 hours |
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Vegetarians |
Vitamin B 12 is difficult to obtain from a vegan diet |
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Dietary fiber |
Brooms and sponges. Insoluble fiber: Wheat bran, veggie skins. Speeds up transit time in reduces colon cancer. Soluble fiber: Gel like consistency beans oats citrus white parts apples. Lowers blood cholesterol by preventing reabsorption of bile salts so liver has to use cholesterol to make more |
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Dietary fiber |
Brooms and sponges. Insoluble fiber: Wheat bran, veggie skins. Speeds up transit time in reduces colon cancer. Soluble fiber: Gel like consistency beans oats citrus white parts apples. Lowers blood cholesterol by preventing reabsorption of bile salts so liver has to use cholesterol to make more |
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Diverticulitis |
The colon develops pouches that may become inflamed and rupture |
