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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ecology
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the study of the interaction between living species and their physical environment
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population ecology
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the study of the population growth and factors that affect growth
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factors that influence populations
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births, death, immigration, emigration
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population structure
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when geographers study that age and gender of people within a population
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population density
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number per square unit
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r-selected species
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exponential growth pattern, population increase rapidly filling available niches
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k-selected species
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logistic growth, population increase, reach the carrying capacity and level off
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population limiting factors
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territory: space, disease, predatators, toxic wastes, availability of food, water, shelter, competition for resources, oxygen, organic chemical compounds
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density independent limiting factors
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affect the population no matter what the density
natural disaster, temperature, human activity, physical activity and behavior of organism |
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density dependent limiting factors
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more strongly affect dense population than small, less crowded ones
ood, water, space, predation, disease |
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life tables
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show organism death rate, survival rate, and reproduction rate as a function of age
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survivorship curve
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something about how long individuals survive in a population. There are basically three types of survivorship curves:
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type I
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Type I survivorship curves are for species that have a high survival rate of the young, live out most of their expected life span and die in old age
ex: humans, mammals |
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type II
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species that have a relatively constant death rate throughout their life span. Death could be due to hunting or diseases.
coral, squirrels, honey bees and many reptiles. |
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type III
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many young, most of which die very early in their life.
Plants, oysters and sea urchins |
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community ecology
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interactions among species and between species and the abiotic environment affect community structure, including species richness, species diversity and patterns of species abundance.
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ecosystem
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living community and the nonliving environment work together in a cooperative ecological system
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what shapes a community structure
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type of habitat shapes a community's structure
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clumped distribution
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the most common type of dispersion found in nature. In clumped distribution,the distance between neighboring individuals is minimized.
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uniform distribution
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Less common than clumped distribution, uniform distribution, also known as even distribution, is evenly spaced.
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random
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unpredictable spacing
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niche
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reason for living
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fundamental niche
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The full range of environmental conditions (biological and physical) under which an organism can exist
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realized niche
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a niche that is narrower than this, and to which they are mostly highly adapted
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succession
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series of changes in an ecological community that occur over time after a disturbance.
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primary succession
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Primary succession occurs in essentially lifeless areas—regions in which the soil is incapable of sustaining life as a result of such factors as lava flows, newly formed sand dunes, or rocks left from a retreating glacier
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secondary succession
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succession that begins in areas where soil is already present
windstorms, wildfires, and insect defoliations, |
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pioneer community
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The initial rapid colonizer species are the pioneer community.
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climax community
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climax community of more or less stable but slower growing species eventually develops.
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keystone species
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disproportionate effect on its environment relative to its abundance[1]. Such species affect many other organisms in an ecosystem and help to determine the types and numbers of various others species in a community.
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resource partitioning
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allows two species to partition certain resources so that one species does not out-compete the other as dictated by the competitive exclusion principle; thus, coexistence is obtained through the differentiation of their realized ecological niches
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tropical rain forest
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found at the equator
short dry seasons long wet rainy season, greatest amounts of plants &animals 300 species of trees/2.5 acre soil poor in nutrients |
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savannas
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grassland with scattered trees
low but consistent rainfall frequent fire maintain low # of trees African savanna most famous |
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desert
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dry, no rain for years
30 degrees N & S latitude plants & animals adapted to conserve water overgrazing & farming create desert |
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chaparral
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offshore ocean currents
mild rainy winter hot dry summer S. CA, Mediterrean, S. Africa plants adapted to fires |
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grassland (temperate)
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cold winter temperatures
seasonal droughts large grazing animals American prairies, African Veldts, Argentina pampas, Asian Steppes treeless, height of grass determine by rainfall |
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deciduous forests
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35 & 50 degrees latitude
seasonal temp vary +-30 degrees C eastern US trees w/ broad leaves fall off in winter help conserve water |
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taiga
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conifers (needle bearing trees) dominate
harsh winters, short summer some deciduous trees are scatter about predators inc. bears, wolves |
