Biology 8 - Cellular Respiration

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Cellular Respiration

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A cellular Process that breaks down nutrient molecules with the concomitant production of ATP.

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Aerobic Process

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Consumes oxygen and produces CO2

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Cellular Respiration Oxidation

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Glucose to carbon dioxide

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Cellular Respiration Reduction

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Oxygen to Water

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NAD+

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Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

Coenzyme of redox

Can be used over and over again.

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FAD

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Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

Coenzyme of redox

Sometimes used instead of NAD+

Accepts two electrons and H+ to make FADH2.

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Glycolysis (4)

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Breakdown of glocose into 2x pyruvate.

In cytoplasm.

ATP formed.

Doesn't use oxygen.

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Preparatory Reaction (3)

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Both pyruvates oxidised, enter the mitochondria.

Electron energy stored in NADH.

Two carbons released as CO2.

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Citric Acid Cycle (4)

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In matrix of mitochondria, produces NADH and FADH2.

Releases four carbons as CO2.

Turns twice per glucose (2x pyruvate)

Produces two immediate ATPs per glucose.

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Electron Transport Chain (3)

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Extracts energy from NADH and FADH2.

Passes electrons from higher to lower energy.

Produces 32 - 34 ATPs.

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Two steps in glycolysis

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Energy Investment

Energy Harvesting

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Fermantation

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If oxygen is not available, this occurs as it in anaerobic.

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Fermentation metabolises glucose into...

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Lactate OR CO2 and alcohol

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Alcoholic Fermenation

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Carried out by yeasts

Produces CO2 and ethyl alcohol

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Lactic Acid Fermentation

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Carried out by certain bacteria and fungi, produces lactate.

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Lactate used to produce...

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Cheese

Yoghurt

Saurkraut

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Other bacteria produce chemicals anaerobically, like...

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Isopropanol

Butyric Acid

Proprionic Acid

Acetic Acid

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Advantage of Fermentation

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Provides quick burst of ATP for muscle activity.

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Disadvantages of fermentation (3)

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Lactate and alcohol are poisonous to cells.

Lactate changes pH and causes muscle fatigue (oxygen debt).

Yeast die from alcohol it produces.

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Efficiency of Fermatation

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Two ATP produced per glucose = 14.6kcal.

Oxidation of glucose is 686kcal.

2 ATP produced compared to 36/38.

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The Prep Cycle

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Pyruvate converted to a 2-carbon acetyl-group.

Attached to coenzyme A to make acetyl-coA.

Electrons picked up as H onto NAD+.

CO2 released.

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Citric Acid Cycle

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Acetyl-coA + oxaloacetate = 6C citric acid.

NADH and FADH2 capture energy rich electrons.

ATP formed by substrate-level phosphorylation.

Produces 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 per glucose. (two turns per glucose - 1x each pyruvate)

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ETC locations in eukaryotes and aerobic prokaryotes

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Eu - cristae of mitochondria

Pr - plasma membrane

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Cytochrome

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Protein with heam group with central iron atom

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Chemiosmosis

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Flow of H+ through ATP synthase produces ATP from ADP + P

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Degradative Reactions

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Catabolism - break down molecules, tend to be exergonic.

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Synthetic Reactions

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Anabolism. Build molecules. Tend to be endergonic.

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Fat breaks down into

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Glycerol and three fatty acids.

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Amino acids break down into

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Carbon chains and amino groups

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Deamination

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NH2 removed by the liver

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Anabolism of carbohydrates

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Start with acetyl-coA

Basically reverses glycolysis

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Anabolism of fats

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G3P converted to glycerol.

Acetyl groups connected in pairs to form fatty acids.

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Anabolism of proteins

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Combination of 20 amino acids

11 can be synthesised,

other 9 must be in diet (essential amino acids)