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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Element
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A substance that cannot be broken down by chemical reactions
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Organisms are made up of matter which is...
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Anything that takes up space or has mass
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Compound
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Substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio
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Life requires about 25 elements 4 of those make up 96% of living matter, they are...
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Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen
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Trace Elements
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Those that are required in only minute quantities
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Atom
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Smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
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Subatomic particles
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Protons (+), Neutrons (0), Electrons (-)
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Energy
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The ability to do work
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Potential Energy
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Energy that matter stores because of its position or location
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Atomic #
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# of protons
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Mass #
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Sum of protons + neutrons
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Isotopes
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Different atomic forms of an element because of different # of neutrons.
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Valence Electrons
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Those in the outermost shell
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Covalent bonds
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Sharing of a pair of valence e- by two atoms
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Electronegativity
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The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond
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Nonpolar
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When the electrons are shared equally
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Polar
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When one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom
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Ionic bonds
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When two atoms are so unequal in their attraction for electrons that one atom will strip the electrons from its partner
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Ion
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A charged atom
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Cation
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Positive charge
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Anion
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Negative charge
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Hydrogen bonds
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H is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom and attracted to another electronegative atom.
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Chemical Reactions
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Making and breaking of chemical bonds
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Chemical equalibrium
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Point at which reactions offset one another
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What kind of molecule is water?
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Polar
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Adhesion
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The clinging of one substance to another
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Cohesion
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When a substance sticks to the same substace
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Surface Tension
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Measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.
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Specific heat
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Amt. of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of a substance to change its temp. by 1oC
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Kinetic energy
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Energy of motion
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Heat
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Measure of the total quantity of kinetic energy due to molecular motion
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Temperature
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Intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of the molecules
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Calorie
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The amount of heat energy it takes to raise the temp. of 1g of water by 1oC.
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Heat of vaporization
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Quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted to gas
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Solution
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Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
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Solvent
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(dissolving agent) + solute (substance that is dissolved) = solution
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Aqueous solution
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Water is the solvent
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Hydrophilic
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Any substance that has an affinity to water. ionic or polar molecules
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Hydrophobic
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Any substance that repels water. Nonpolar or non-ionic
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Mole
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Molecular weight of a substance
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Molarity
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# of moles of solute per liter of solution
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Acid
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Substance that increases the [H+] of a sln.
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Base
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Substance that reduces the [H+] of a sln. Also, increase the [OH-]
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Buffers
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Substances that minimize changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a sln
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Catabolic pathway
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Release energy in the breaking down of complex molecules into simpler compounds
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Anabolic pathway
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Consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones
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Exergonic rxns
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Proceed with a net release of energy
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Endergonic rxns
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Absorb free energy from their surroundings
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What 3 kinds of work do cells do?
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mechanical work (ex. contraction of a muscle cell)
- transport work (ex. pumping of substances across a memebrance) - chemical work (ex. synthesis of polymers from monomers) |
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ATP
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The energy source used in most rxns
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Catalyst
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A chemical agent that speeds up reaction w/out being consumed
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Enzyme
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A biological catalyst
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Activation energy
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The energy needed to begin a rxn, prevents many rxns from occurring quickly
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The reactant an enzyme binds to...
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The substrate
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Transfer RNA
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Transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm’s amino acid pool to a ribosome
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Autotrophs
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They sustain themselves w/out eating other organisms
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What organism is a Photoautotroph?
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plants are photoautotrophs because they use light as a source of energy
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Heterotrophs
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Live on compounds produced by other organisms
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Chloroplast
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The site of photosynthesis in plants
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Where is chloroplast mainly found in a plant?
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Mesophyll
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Where does the oxygen come from that is produced from photosynthesis?
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The oxygen produced from photosynthesis comes from the spliting of water, not CO2
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What is extracted frim water to make sugar?
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Hydrogen is extracted from water to make sugar
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Light reaction
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(AKA light harvesting reaction, light dependent reaction)
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Calvin cycle
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(AKA dark reaction, carbon fixation reaction)
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The light rxn. converts solar energy to chemical energy; occurs in the...
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Thylokoid membrane
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NADP+ is reduced to...
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NADPH
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The Calvin cycle stores the chemical energy in the...
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Form of sugar; occurs in the stroma
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Light dependent reaction
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Inside the thylakoid, chlorophyll is organized w/ proteins into photosystems
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The two types of photosystems are...
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photosystem 1 and photosystem 2
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What does the calvin cycle do?
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Uses ATP and NADPH to incorporate CO2 into sugar (does not make glucose but a 3 carbon sugar called G3P)
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Fermentation
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Partial degradation of sugars that occurs w/out the help of O2
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Cellular respiration
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O2 is consumed as a reactant along w/ the sugar
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Cellular respiration occurs in the...
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Mitochondria
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Oxidation
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The loss of e- from one substance
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The equation for cellular respiration
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
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The three stages of cellular respiration are...
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glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, electron transport chain (ETC)
Glycolysis breaks down 1 glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate - occurs in the cytosol Krebs cycle breaks down pyruvate into CO2 - occurs in the mitochondrial matrix ETC accepts electrons from the breakdown products of the first 2 stages - the energy released at each step of the chain is used to make ATP (oxidative phosphorylation); through redox rxns. |
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Glycolysis
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The 10 steps of glycolysis are broken down into two phases: energy investment and energy payoff
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Net energy yield
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2 ATP and 2 NADH
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If O2 is present then...
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Energy stored in NADH can be converted to ATP
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Krebs cycle
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8 steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme
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Cristae
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Inner membrane folding of the mitochondria
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ATP synthase
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Inside the inner membrane are enzymes
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The ETC
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An energy converter that uses the exergonic flow of e- to pump H+ ions across the membrane
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Alcohol fermentation
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pyruvate -> ethanol
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Lactic acid fermentation
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pyruvate -> lactic acid
- human cells make ATP by (LAF) when oxygen is scarce |
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Facultative anaerobes
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Yeasts and bacteria that can make enough ATP to survive using either fermentation or respiration
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What kind of organism probably used anaerobic fermentation before oxygen was present in the atmosphere?
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Ancient prokaryotes
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Feedback inhibition
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End products inhibit the enzymes that catalyze the early steps of the process
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Polymer
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A long molecule consisting of similar or identical building blocks
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Monomers
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Repeating units that are the building blocks
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Monomers are connected together by...
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Dehydration synthesis
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Polymers are broken down by...
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Hydrolysis
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Monosaccharides
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Surgars
ex. glucose |
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Disaccharide
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Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage
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Polysaccharides
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Polymers w/ few hundred to a few thousand monomers
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Storage polysaccharides
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starch and glycogen
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Structural polysaccharides
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Cellulose
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Lipids
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Little or no affinity for water; consist mostly of hydrocarbons
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Fat
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Composed of 2 parts
glycerol and fatty acids |
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Fatty acids can vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds
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Saturated and unsaturated
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Carbohydrates
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Includes sugars and polymers
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Phospholipids
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Similar to fats but have only 2 fatty acid tails
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Nucleotides
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The monomers (building blocks) of nucleic acids
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Cell Fractionation
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Take cells apart and study the fcn. of organelles
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What do all cells include?
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All cells have several basic features:
- have a plasma membrane - cytsol: semifluid substance that contains organelles - chromosomes/DNA - ribosomes |
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Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
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Prokaryotic lack a nucleus
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The nucleus is a...
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double membrane
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DNA is organized w/ proteins into...
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chromatin
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What is found in the nucleus?
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Nucleolus
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Ribosomes
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Organelles that carry out protein synthesis
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