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110 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Element
A substance that cannot be broken down by chemical reactions
Organisms are made up of matter which is...
Anything that takes up space or has mass
Compound
Substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio
Life requires about 25 elements 4 of those make up 96% of living matter, they are...
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen
Trace Elements
Those that are required in only minute quantities
Atom
Smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
Subatomic particles
Protons (+), Neutrons (0), Electrons (-)
Energy
The ability to do work
Potential Energy
Energy that matter stores because of its position or location
Atomic #
# of protons
Mass #
Sum of protons + neutrons
Isotopes
Different atomic forms of an element because of different # of neutrons.
Valence Electrons
Those in the outermost shell
Covalent bonds
Sharing of a pair of valence e- by two atoms
Electronegativity
The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond
Nonpolar
When the electrons are shared equally
Polar
When one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom
Ionic bonds
When two atoms are so unequal in their attraction for electrons that one atom will strip the electrons from its partner
Ion
A charged atom
Cation
Positive charge
Anion
Negative charge
Hydrogen bonds
H is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom and attracted to another electronegative atom.
Chemical Reactions
Making and breaking of chemical bonds
Chemical equalibrium
Point at which reactions offset one another
What kind of molecule is water?
Polar
Adhesion
The clinging of one substance to another
Cohesion
When a substance sticks to the same substace
Surface Tension
Measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.
Specific heat
Amt. of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of a substance to change its temp. by 1oC
Kinetic energy
Energy of motion
Heat
Measure of the total quantity of kinetic energy due to molecular motion
Temperature
Intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of the molecules
Calorie
The amount of heat energy it takes to raise the temp. of 1g of water by 1oC.
Heat of vaporization
Quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted to gas
Solution
Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
Solvent
(dissolving agent) + solute (substance that is dissolved) = solution
Aqueous solution
Water is the solvent
Hydrophilic
Any substance that has an affinity to water. ionic or polar molecules
Hydrophobic
Any substance that repels water. Nonpolar or non-ionic
Mole
Molecular weight of a substance
Molarity
# of moles of solute per liter of solution
Acid
Substance that increases the [H+] of a sln.
Base
Substance that reduces the [H+] of a sln. Also, increase the [OH-]
Buffers
Substances that minimize changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a sln
Catabolic pathway
Release energy in the breaking down of complex molecules into simpler compounds
Anabolic pathway
Consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones
Exergonic rxns
Proceed with a net release of energy
Endergonic rxns
Absorb free energy from their surroundings
What 3 kinds of work do cells do?
mechanical work (ex. contraction of a muscle cell)
- transport work (ex. pumping of substances across a memebrance)
- chemical work (ex. synthesis of polymers from monomers)
ATP
The energy source used in most rxns
Catalyst
A chemical agent that speeds up reaction w/out being consumed
Enzyme
A biological catalyst
Activation energy
The energy needed to begin a rxn, prevents many rxns from occurring quickly
The reactant an enzyme binds to...
The substrate
Transfer RNA
Transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm’s amino acid pool to a ribosome
Autotrophs
They sustain themselves w/out eating other organisms
What organism is a Photoautotroph?
plants are photoautotrophs because they use light as a source of energy
Heterotrophs
Live on compounds produced by other organisms
Chloroplast
The site of photosynthesis in plants
Where is chloroplast mainly found in a plant?
Mesophyll
Where does the oxygen come from that is produced from photosynthesis?
The oxygen produced from photosynthesis comes from the spliting of water, not CO2
What is extracted frim water to make sugar?
Hydrogen is extracted from water to make sugar
Light reaction
(AKA light harvesting reaction, light dependent reaction)
Calvin cycle
(AKA dark reaction, carbon fixation reaction)
The light rxn. converts solar energy to chemical energy; occurs in the...
Thylokoid membrane
NADP+ is reduced to...
NADPH
The Calvin cycle stores the chemical energy in the...
Form of sugar; occurs in the stroma
Light dependent reaction
Inside the thylakoid, chlorophyll is organized w/ proteins into photosystems
The two types of photosystems are...
photosystem 1 and photosystem 2
What does the calvin cycle do?
Uses ATP and NADPH to incorporate CO2 into sugar (does not make glucose but a 3 carbon sugar called G3P)
Fermentation
Partial degradation of sugars that occurs w/out the help of O2
Cellular respiration
O2 is consumed as a reactant along w/ the sugar
Cellular respiration occurs in the...
Mitochondria
Oxidation
The loss of e- from one substance
The equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
The three stages of cellular respiration are...
glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, electron transport chain (ETC)
Glycolysis breaks down 1 glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate
- occurs in the cytosol
Krebs cycle breaks down pyruvate into CO2
- occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
ETC accepts electrons from the breakdown products of the first 2 stages
- the energy released at each step of the chain is used to make ATP (oxidative phosphorylation); through redox rxns.
Glycolysis
The 10 steps of glycolysis are broken down into two phases: energy investment and energy payoff
Net energy yield
2 ATP and 2 NADH
If O2 is present then...
Energy stored in NADH can be converted to ATP
Krebs cycle
8 steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme
Cristae
Inner membrane folding of the mitochondria
ATP synthase
Inside the inner membrane are enzymes
The ETC
An energy converter that uses the exergonic flow of e- to pump H+ ions across the membrane
Alcohol fermentation
pyruvate -> ethanol
Lactic acid fermentation
pyruvate -> lactic acid
- human cells make ATP by (LAF) when oxygen is scarce
Facultative anaerobes
Yeasts and bacteria that can make enough ATP to survive using either fermentation or respiration
What kind of organism probably used anaerobic fermentation before oxygen was present in the atmosphere?
Ancient prokaryotes
Feedback inhibition
End products inhibit the enzymes that catalyze the early steps of the process
Polymer
A long molecule consisting of similar or identical building blocks
Monomers
Repeating units that are the building blocks
Monomers are connected together by...
Dehydration synthesis
Polymers are broken down by...
Hydrolysis
Monosaccharides
Surgars
ex. glucose
Disaccharide
Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage
Polysaccharides
Polymers w/ few hundred to a few thousand monomers
Storage polysaccharides
starch and glycogen
Structural polysaccharides
Cellulose
Lipids
Little or no affinity for water; consist mostly of hydrocarbons
Fat
Composed of 2 parts
glycerol and fatty acids
Fatty acids can vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds
Saturated and unsaturated
Carbohydrates
Includes sugars and polymers
Phospholipids
Similar to fats but have only 2 fatty acid tails
Nucleotides
The monomers (building blocks) of nucleic acids
Cell Fractionation
Take cells apart and study the fcn. of organelles
What do all cells include?
All cells have several basic features:
- have a plasma membrane
- cytsol: semifluid substance that contains organelles
- chromosomes/DNA
- ribosomes
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Prokaryotic lack a nucleus
The nucleus is a...
double membrane
DNA is organized w/ proteins into...
chromatin
What is found in the nucleus?
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Organelles that carry out protein synthesis