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172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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All the continents used to be one called ________.
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Pangea
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How old is Earth?
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4.6 Billion Years
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What four types of time periods organize Earth's history?
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Eons, Eras, periods, and epochs
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What are eras divided by?
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Mass distinctions
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What are periods divided by?
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Lesser extinctions
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Define Taxonomy.
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Naming and classifying organisms
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What scientist organized organisms as plants and animals?
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Linnaeus
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Define Phylogery.
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Evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
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Define Systematics.
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Study of biological diversity in evolutionary context.
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Name the hierarchy of Classifying organisms.
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Kingdom, Phylum, Class,Order, Family, Genus, Species
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Define a Virus.
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A non-living thing non-cellular particle that can not survive without a cell host.
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What is the diversity of virus's based on?
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It is based on the type of the genetic material or shape of the virus.
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What was the conclusion of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus lab in the 1880's?
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That viruses are infectous agents made up of non-living materials.
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What do viruses evolve as a result of?
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Genetic Mutation and Natural Selection
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What are the two components of proteins?
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An outer protein coat called a capsid and a Nucleic acid core(DNA or RNA), which can be single or double stranded.
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What is a third component to a virus that is optional?
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Viral envelope.
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What is the classification of a virus based on?
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Type of Nucleic acid, size and shape, and attendance of an outer envelope.
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What do you call a virus that infects its host cell like a syringe?
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Bacteriophage
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What is the specificity of a cell caused by?
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its shape
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What are the two types of reproductive cycles?
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Lyctic and Lysogenic Cycle
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What are the stages of the Lyctic Cycle?
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attachment, Penetration, Biosynthesis maturation, and release
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Describe the processes that occur in the biosynthesis phase of the Lyctic cycle?
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The virus degrades the cell's nucleic acid the cell then produces viral particles.
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Describe the processes that occur in the Maturation phase of the Lyctic cycle?
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Viral nucleic acid and capsids are assembled into viruses.
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Describe the processes that occur in the release phase of the Lyctic cycle?
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Lyctic enzymes break the cell wall, releasing the newly synthesized viruses.
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What stages are the same for both Lyctic and Lysogenic cycles?
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attachment and Penetration
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Describe what happens in the Lysogenic cycle.
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After the Virus is in the cell, it inserts its own DNA into the cells. The cell then splits and creates two new viruses.
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Referring to Animal Viruses, define membrane fusion.
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Membrane fusion is when a viral envelope fuses with a cellular envelope.
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Within the Lysogenic cycle, what happens when the virus becomes active with in the cell?
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Continues from biosynthesis with the Lyctic cycle.
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Referring to animal viruses, how are viruses released by the host cell?
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Budding, which doesn't always kill host cell.
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Where are animal viruses released into the cell?
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Into the cytoplasm.
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Define Retrovirus.
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An RNA animal virus that contains enzymes called reverse-transcriptease.
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Describe the cycle of a Retrovirus.
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Viral DNA becomes embedded in the cell's DNA and is replicated as the host cell is replicated. When activated continues with biosynthesis, maturation, and release by budding.
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How does a Vaccine work?
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By exposing people to a small amount of the virus.
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What does a vaccine protect against?
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Viral infections
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What do antibiotics protect against?
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Bacterial infections
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How do antibiotics work and what are the long term effects of them?
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They often break down cell walls and they increase the number of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
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What are the functions of Pilli?
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To reproduce and pass on genetic information.
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What are the functions of flagella?
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To move.
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Name four physical characteristics of bacteria?
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Nucleioid region where circular DNA chromosomes are found, ribosomes, Cell Wall, and Plasmids.
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Define Plasmids.
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Smaller rings of DNA called accessory genes which are genes not required for reproduction.
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Name five parts in a prokaryote.
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Plasma membrane, DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and Flagella or Pilli.
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What are the generational times of bacteria?
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20 minutes to 3 hours.
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How many types of genetic variations in bacteria are there?
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4
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What are the four types of genetic variations for bacteria?
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random mutation, transduction, transformation, and conjugation.
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Define random mutation.
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asexual reproduction or splitting.
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Define Transformation.
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Surface Proteins on Bacteria absorb stray DNA in the environment to form a genetically transformed cell.
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Define Transduction.
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When a virus gives one bacteria another's DNA.
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Define Conjugation.
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When a male attatches to a female bacteria via their Pilli. The male transfers his genetic information to the female converting her to a male.
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What kingdom is in the Archea Domain?
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Archaebacteria
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What kingdom is in the Eubacteria Domain?
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Eubacteria
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What 4 Kingdoms are in the Eukarya Domain?
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Protista, Animalia, Plantae, and Fungi
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What two kingdoms are solely unicellular?
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Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
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What two kindoms can be both mulitcellular and unicellular?
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Protista and Fungi
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What Kingdom has prokaryotic cells?
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Archaebacteria
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What two kingdoms are solely Heterotrophs?
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Fungi and Animalia
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Give an example of a Protista.
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Algae, amoeba, or seaweed
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Give an example of a Eubacteria vs a Archaebacteria.
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Bacillius and E. Colli vs methogens and Extreme themopiles
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Name the Domains that are both autotrophs and Heterotrophs. And what are they mostly?
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Protista, Eubacteria, and Archaebacteria. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are mostly autotrophs.
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Name the kingdoms that are both sexual and asexual.
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Fungi, Animalia, Protista, and Eubacteria
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Name the Kingdoms that are solely sexual.
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Plantae
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What is a chromosome composed of?
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Chromatin
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Which is larger a eukaryotic or a prokaryotic cell?
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A Eukaryotic cell is typically larger and has more genes.
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What are genes group into in a cell?
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chromosomes
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How many chromosomes do humans have?
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46
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Interphase is what percent of the cell cycle?
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90%
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What do proteins do on eurkaryotic DNA?
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Organize DNA and control gene activity.
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What is the number of chromosomes dependent on in an animal?
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Normally the number is regular through species.
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Define a sister chromatid.
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When a chromosome copies forming two identical genes.
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Define the cell cycle.
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Sequence of events from the time a cell is created to the time it splits itself.
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What happens during Gap 1 in interphase?
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Cell increase it's supply of proteins and number of organelles, as well as grow in size.
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What happens during the Gap 2 stage in interphase of the cell cycle?
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Metabolic activity; proteins synthesized.
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What two stages does the Miotic Phase contain in the cell cycle?
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Mitosis and Cytokenesis
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What are the 4 phases of Mitosis?
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Prophase,
Metaphase, anaphase, & telophase |
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What happens during anaphase in the cell cycle?
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The Kinetorches using ATP, split the centromeres of the chromatids, moving them to opposite sides of the cell. The Spindle Microtubules not attatched to a centromere extend and stretch the cell.
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What happens during metaphase in the cell cycle?
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The Miotic Spindle is fully formed and chromosomes convene at the metaphase plate.
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What happens during prophase in the cell cycle?
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Mitotic spindle begins to form and attached to the chromatid's kinetochore.
Chromatin becomes more tightly packed. |
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What happens during telophase in the cell cycle?
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mitotic spindle disappears and the sister cells are separated.
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Define Mitotic Spindle.
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Micro tubules that guides the separation of the 2 sets of daughter chromosomes.
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What produces the Miotic Spindle?
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The centrosomes.
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What is a centrosome?
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an organelle made out of cytoplasmic material that in animal cells contain centrioles.
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What process begins cytokenisis in animal cells?
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cleavage
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In the process of cleavage in cytokenisis, what is a cleavage furrow?
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A shallow groove in the cell's surface/
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What fuses with the cell wall in a plant cell, to separate the parent cell into two daughter cells?
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a cell plate
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In an animal cell, what material separates the cell in the cleavage furrow?
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Microfilaments made of actin contract to separate the cell.
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Define a zygote.
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A fertilized egg.
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Define assexual reproduction.
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The cloning of the parent to create offspring.
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What two cells constitute the gametes?
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the egg and the sperm.
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Define a somatic cell.
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A body cell.
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Define autosomal chromosomes.
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Chromosomes that both males and females have.
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Define the Locus.
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The location on the chromosome where a particular gene resides.
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Define a diploid cell.
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Cell with a full set of DNA or 2n.
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Define a haploid cell.
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Cell with a half a set of DNA or n.
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Define fertilization.
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When the sperm fertilizes the female's egg.
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How many chromosomes does a human have?
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46 chromosomes.
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How many chromosomes are for sexual reproduction within a human being?
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2
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What two sexual chromosomes does a man have?
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An X and a Y.
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What two sexual chromosomes does a female have?
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Two X's.
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What in a benign tumor?
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a tumor that isn't cancerous.
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What is a malignant tumor?
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a tumor that is cancerous.
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What is the density - dependent inhibition?
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When cells slow down reproduction because cell population becomes too dense.
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What is the purpose of Mitosis?
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Cell reproduction for growth, repair and development.
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What are the three sub-stages of interphase?
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Gap 1 (G1), Synthesis, and Gap 2 (G2)
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What is a cleavage furrow?
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Occurs in animal cells during cytokenisis. Microfilaments contract in furrow until eventually the cell divides in two.
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What material makes up a chromosome?
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chromatin.
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What happens during cytokenisis?
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The cell's cytoplasm is divided into two daughter cells.
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What happens during prophase of mitosis?
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Chromosomes pack tightly so there are no mutations when copying and spindle fibers are created.
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What is Binary Fission?
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asexual cell reproduction of a Prokaryotic cell.
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Define a sister chromatid.
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When a chromosome copies and connects to its copy via a centromere.
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What is anchorage dependence?
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Some cells have this characteristic that makes them unable to multiply unless they are anchored to a solid surface.
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Define Mestasis.
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The spread of cancer cells.
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Define a karyotype.
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Magnified images of an individual chromosome.
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What is trisomy 21?
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when an individual has three 21 chromosomes.
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What disorder can trisomy 21 cause?
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Down Syndrome.
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How is Turner Syndrome caused and what are the symptoms?
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It is when a woman doesn't have a second X chromosome denoted as (XO). The symptoms are underdevelopment of the breasts and sterility.
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How is Kinesfelter Syndrome caused and what are the symptoms?
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A man with 3 X chromosomes, denoted as (XXX). The symptoms will be underdeveloped testes, sterility, and breast enlargement.
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What are the two processes that provide for genetic?
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Crossing over and the random pairing of homologous chromosomes.
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Define non-disjunction
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When chromosomes fail to seperate resulting in an abnormal number of chromosomes.
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Define crossing over in Meiosis.
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Chromosomes overlap and exchange genetic information. This produces new genetic combinations.
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What happens during prophase 1 of meiosis?
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Tetrads are formed from the homologous chromosomes. Crossing over occurs.
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Where in the body are sex cells produced?
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In the sex organs only ( the testes and the ovaries )
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In Meiosis one how many pairs of homologous chromosomes are there?
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23
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In a homologous chromosome pair how many chromosomes are from the egg or sperm, if any?
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One from the egg and one from the sperm.
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In a homologous chromosomes pair, what do the two chromosomes have in common and what is different?
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They carry the same genes(eye color) in the same locus but different alleles (green eyes vs. brown eyes).
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Bacterial genes are carried on how many chromosomes?
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one.
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What is the origin of replication in a Bacterial cell?
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The gene that tells the rest of the cell how to copy.
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Interphase is what percent of the cell cycle?
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90%
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What stages does the Miotic phase compromise?
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Mitosis and cytokenisis.
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What cellular parts does a prokaryote contain?
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DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, nucleoid, and sometimes a cell wall, pili, or flagella.
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Define a cell.
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The smallest, most basic structure in a living organism.
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What type of organisms have prokaryotic cells?
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single - cell organisms.
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What type of organisms have eukayotic cells?
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single and multicellular organisms. Make up anything except bacteria.
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What is the function of the nucleus?
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to contain DNA within the cell,
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What is the function of the plasma membrane?
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To seperate cell from its surroundings
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What are the five characteristics of all living organisms?
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Cells, growth and development, obtain and use energy, respond to the environment, and ability to reproduce.
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Define a controlled experiment.
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An experiment where you keep one variable the same so you can observe the change in the other variable.
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Define hypothesis - driven science or scientific method.
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Use a hypothesis to bas experiment off of.
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Define discovery science.
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Theories that derive a general rule from observation.
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Define Natural Selection.
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Some Genetic variations survive over others.
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What elements can be in a carbohydrate?
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Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
in a 1:2:1 ratio. |
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What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
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a monosacharide
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What is a monomer of a Lipid?
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a fatty acid.
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What is the monomer of a protein?
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An amino acid.
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What is the monomer of a Nucleic Acid?
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A nucleotide,
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How are bonds created between organic molecules?
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Dehydration Synthesis.
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How are bonds in an organic molecule separated?
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Hydrolysis.
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What elements are in a lipid?
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Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
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What elements are in a Protein?
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Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Sulfur.
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What elements are in a Nucleic Acid?
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Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous.
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Name the three major groups of a Lipid.
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Fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
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What are the two major groups of a Nucleic Acid.
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DNA and RNA.
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What are the two main groups of a carbohydrate?
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Steroids and Starches.
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What are the uses of Nucleic acids?
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To store and transmit genetic information.
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What are the uses of Carbohydrates?
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energy, energy storage, and structures for cells and tissues.
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What are the uses of proteins?
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enzymes, anti-bodies, muscle movement, transportation of molecules, hormones, and nerve impulses.
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What are the uses of lipids?
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long term storage for energy, make u membrane in cells, and a Hormone precursor.
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What is the name of a variable group bonder to sulfur and hydrogen?
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a sulfurhydrol
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How many monomers are in a macromolecule?
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Many repeating units.
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How many monomers are in a polymer?
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2 or more.
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What is the product of dehydration synthesis?
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water
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What are the 4 types of macromolecules?
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Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic acids.
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Define Metabolism.
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Sum of all chemical reactions.
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If a substance has a PH of 7, what does this mean?
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That it is Neutral.
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If a substance has a PH of 1, what does this mean?
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That it is Acidic, it has more hydronium/hydrogen.
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If a substance has a PH of 14, what does this mean?
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That it is basic, it has more hydroxide.
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What is an isomer?
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molecules with the same chemical formula but different molecular structure.
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What is a dissacharide?
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The polymer of a carbohydrate.
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Give an example of a polysaccharide.
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Cellulose - the storage starch in plants
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What is Glycogen?
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The storage starch in animals.
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Define hydrophilic.
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Soluble in water.
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Define hydrophobic.
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Not soluble in water.
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Define a hydrocarbon.
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A substance that only contains hydrogen and carbon.
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Name the four Functional groups.
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Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, and Amino.
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