Biology

Front 1

Ventilation

Back 1

Active movement of air or water across respiratory surfaces (cells of body surface, lungs, gills.)

Front 2

External respiration

Back 2

Exchange of gasses between air (water) and blood.

Front 3

Internal respiration

Back 3

Exchange of gasses between blood and body cells

Front 4

Cellular respiration

Back 4

Glycolysis / Krebs cycle / ETS. 98% of O2 diffused into the mitochondria is used as a final electron acceptor at the end of ETS to make H2O. CO2 given off during krebs.

Front 5

4 principal types of respiratory structures

Back 5

Body surface, tracheal tube, gills, and lungs

Front 6

Body surface respiratory

Back 6

Porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida, mollusks lacking shells, amphibians. Low metabolic rate. Surface needs to be moist in terrestrial animals.

Front 7

Tracheal tubes for respiratory

Back 7

Insects, centipedes, millepedes, some spiders, don't need circulatory system to transport gasses when tracheal tubes are present, are made of rings of chitin.

Front 8

Epiglottis

Back 8

Leaf like cartilage and attache to thyroid cart. When larynx moves up and forward in swallowing it covers the larynx.

Front 9

Vocal chords

Back 9

Folds of mucous membranes that make sound when exhaled air moves across

Front 10

Larynx

Back 10

Connects pharynx to trachea, walls are supported by cartilage and ligaments.

Front 11

Conducting passageways to lungs

Back 11

nose>pharynx>larynx>trachea>bronchi>bronchioles>alveoli

Front 12

Alveoli

Back 12

Air sacs where external respiration occurs, has a surface area of about 1/4 a tennis court. Are surrounded by elastic fibers that are destroyed in emphysema which makes exhalation didficult.

Front 13

Swim bladders

Back 13

Modern fish have these they are connected to pharynx and can serve as an accessory respiratory organ. When O2 is decreased in pond fish may come to surface and gulp air into swim bladder. By secreting gasses int or absorbing from fish can change density of body

Front 14

Birds respiratory

Back 14

Lungs in birds connected to air sacs where there is complete ventilation (no mixing of used and unused air)

Front 15

Complete ventilation

Back 15

Means there is no mixing of used and unused air

Front 16

Incomplete ventilation

Back 16

In amphibians, reptiles and mammals. Lungs are not completely emptied during exhalation (decreases gas exchange efficiency)

Front 17

Disadvantages of breathing air

Back 17

Water loss- lungs need to be deep in body to conserve water loss

Front 18

Advantages of breathing air

Back 18

Conserves energy, easier to maintain homeostasis with respect to ion compensation.

Front 19

Disadvantages of ventilating with water

Back 19

1)water fully saturated with air contains 20x less O2.

2)a fish uses 20% of its energy to perform muscular work needed to ventilate gills.

3) gas exchange with water creates in balance disturbances.

Front 20

Trachea

Back 20

Encircled with Cartilaginous tracheal rings which prevent trachea from collapsing.

Front 21

Terminal bronchioles

Back 21

Lack cartilage but have smooth muscle which can spasm and close off passageway to alveoli as in asthma.

Front 22

Ventilation

Back 22

Movement of gasses in and out if lungs by pressure gradients. (Negative pressure breathing)

Front 23

Inhalation

Back 23

When diaphragm and rib muscles contact, thoracic cavity increases in size, causing decreased pressure in lungs. There for air moves inwards from atmosphere (760mmhg-758mmhg)

Front 24

Exhalation

Back 24

When diaphragm and ribs relax thoracic cavity decreases in size. Thereby increasing pressure in lungs air moves outwards. (762-760mmhg)

Front 25

Transport of oxygen

Back 25

97% by Fe in the heme of Hb

3% dissolved in plasma

Front 26

Transport of CO2

Back 26

70% transported by bicarbonate in HCO3-.

23% combines with globin of Hb

7% dissolves in plasma

CO2 + h2o (carbonic anhydrase)=h2co3= h+ + hco3-

Front 27

Nervous control

Back 27

Respiratory center in medulla and pons

Front 28

Chemical control

Back 28

CO2 and H directly affect respiratory respiratory center in medulla via blood.

Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries detect CO2 and H+

Front 29

Diffusion

Back 29

How gasses move from greater to lesser pressure

Front 30

Respiratory surfaces

Back 30

Must be thin, moist and vascularized so gasses can be transported by the circulatory system.

Front 31

Carbonic anhydrase

Back 31

In the red blood cells and is an enzyme needed to create carbonic acid from water and carbon dioxide (hydrating carbon dioxide) can reverse the process as well

Front 32

Saturation of oxygen

Back 32

At rest = 72% saturation

During exercise= 18% saturation

Front 33

Counter current exchange system

Back 33

Blood flows in opposite direction to the water. In gills in fish which enhances O2 transfer from water to blood.

Front 34

Spiracles

Back 34

On insects, centipedes, millepedes and some spiders is where the air enters and tracheal tubes conduct O2 to fluid filled Tracheoles (at the body cells)

Front 35

Gills

Back 35

Out pockets of the pharynx

Front 36

Lungs

Back 36

Ingrowth of pharynx

Front 37

Pharynx

Back 37

From back of nasal cavity to larynx

Front 38

Phrenic nerve

Back 38

Comes from c3,4,5 and keep the diaphragm alive

Front 39

Glottis

Back 39

Opening of the larynx

Front 40

Hemoglobin

Back 40

4 heme and 4 polypeptide chains

Front 41

Hemocyanin

Back 41

Is respiratory pigments in mollusks and arthropods

Front 42

Histamines

Back 42

Cause contractions of smooth muscle

Front 43

Adrenaline

Back 43

In bronchiodialaters relaxes smooth muscle

Front 44

Pleura

Back 44

Serous membranes that cover lungs

Front 45

Acidosis

Back 45

Means a lowered pH level which our bodies cannot handle and could be fatal