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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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General properties of seedless plants: |
Mostly terrestrial and supply oxygen and food. Create habitats for other organisms. |
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Evidence Charophytes are closest relatives of land plants: |
Cell walls made of cellulose, have chloroplasts that perform photosynthesis, contains a nucleus, is a multicellular organism, and contains a central vacuole that causes the cell wall to be turgent or withered depending on how much water present. |
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Basic information on how photosynthesis functions: |
It is a metabolic pathway that is a two step process, where products of the first reaction become the reactants of the second reaction. Light dependent reaction occurs in the thylakoids. Produces 16 ATP, 12 NADPH and breaks water (hydrolysis) to replace the e- lost by chlorophyll in the process. 6 CO2 + 12H20 + Light --> C6H1206 + 6O2 + 6H20 Light independent reaction occurs in the stroma and takes CO2 and high energy compounds to produces sugar. |
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Structure of leaves: |
Upper surface includes a cuticle that is a waxy layer of protection against water loss. Beneath this is the upper epidermis. Deep to this layer is the mesophyll that includes two different layers: a dense and a spongy mesophyll. Within the mesophyll are the chloroplasts. Following this layer is the lower epidermis and then the lower surface, which includes guard cells that regulate CO2 and O2 flow. |
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Structure of chloroplasts: |
Stroma is the gelatinous space within the chloroplast. There is an outer and inner membrane. Each disc-like structure is called a thylakoid. A group of thylakoid are called granum. |
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Common structures of both Charophytes and Land Plants: |
Both have rings of proteins found in the plasma membrane to form cellulose for the cell walls. Both have flagellated sperm. Both have phragmoplasts which form the cell plate with microtubules during cell division. These are likely shared ancestral traits. |
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What were the benefits and challenges of moving to land: |
Benefits: ^ CO2 ^ Unfiltered and abundant sunlight ^ Soil rich in minerals ^ (initially) not many herbivores Challenges: - Lack of H20 - Gravity |
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What is sporopollenin? |
A chemically inert substance that surrounds spores and pollen to make them waterproof. |
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What are the four derived traits of plantae (from charophytes)? |
1) Alternation of generations 2) Sporangia that produce spores 3) Multicellular gametangia 4) Apical meristems |
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Describe the process of alternation of generations: |
Sporophytes (are multicellular, diploid individuals) develop into Sporagnia(multicellular 2n organs made of sporocytes( diploid single cells) that undergo meiosis and form haploid spores. These spores undergo mitosis and develop gametophytes(multicellular haploid individuals) who develop gametangia (which are multicellular haploid sexual organs) that diverge into (male) antheridia and (female) archegonia organs containing sperm and eggs formed by mitosis and are haploid. When fertilization occurs a diploid zygote is formed. The zygote undergoes mitosis and grows into a sporophyte. |
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Classification of Seedless Plants |
Hepatophyta: Producing livershaped gametophytes (liverworts) Bryophyta: Leafy gametophytes. (Mosses) Antrocerophyta: Long tapered sporophytes. (Hornworts) Lycophyta: Stoboili Monilophyta: Has fronds and sori. Gymnosperms: Producing cones and seeds. Angiosperms: Producing flowers, fruit, double fertilization and seeds. |
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Moss Lifecycle: |
1) Protonema (n) begins to germinate and matures forming gametangia on it (male antheridia and female archegonia). 2) Within the antheridium of the gametophyte, gametes are formed by mitosis. The male gametes are called sperm and in water they will swim to the female gametangia called the archegonium which has formed an egg by mitosis. 3) Fertilization of the sperm and egg form a zygote (2n) which remains inside the archegonium. 4) The zygote matures into a sporophyte (2n) which has three parts: capsule, seta, foot. 5) The sporophyte matures and meiosis occurs inside the capsule. 6) The tip of the capsule breaks off and spores exit through the peristome. |
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5 traits of vascular plants: |
1) Dominant generation is the sporophyte generation (this is what you often see when you see the plant). 2) Has vascular tissue made of xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals usually from roots upwards. Phloem transports sugars usually downward from leaves. 3) Evolution of roots allowing uptake of H2O/minerals and anchoring the plant to the substrate. 4)Evolution of leaves (two parts) microphylls are small leaves that evolved from small structures on the side of the stem, whereas megaphylls are large leaves that evolved from structures that come off the main stem and form netting between leaves. The leaves increase surface area for photosynthesis. 5) Sporophylls and spores are reproductive leaves containing spores such as sori made of groups of sporangia. - Spores can be homosporous when gametophytes look the same, or heterosporous, when male and female gametophytes look different. (ie: female containing embryo sac and male containing pollen sac). |
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Traits of monilophyta (seedless vascular plant) |
Examples: Ferns & horsetails - vascular tissue - grow large - moist habitat - sperm that swims - have frons made of fiddleheads - have sori which are a collection of sporangia on the backside. |
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Lifecycle of fern: |
1) Spores are released and land in a suitable area and begin to germinate into a prothallium (gametophyte). 2) The antheridium form sperm by mitosis and the archegonium form eggs by mitosis. The sperm swim to the egg. 3) The sperm fertilize the egg and form a zygote (2n) that will grow into a sporophyte, which depends on the gametophyte and lives for a short time. 4) On the underside of the sporophylls (specialized leaves for reproduction) are a collection of the sporangia called sori, which contain spores formed by meiosis. |
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Traits of gymnosperms: |
- produce cones - produce seeds - tend to have more narrow photosynthetic structures. - "single fertilization" |
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traits of angiosperms: |
Two groups: Monocots and Eudicots (dicots) - flowers -fruit -double fertilization - seeds |
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General characteristics of seed plants |
- produce seeds - have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) - non-motile sperm - produce pollen - includes gymnosperms and angiosperms. |
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Derived traits of seed plants: |
1) Gametophytes that depend on sporophytes to live. 2) Heterospory: Producing two different types of spores. 3) Ovules: Held within the ovary of the female gametangia, containing the megasporangium. 4) Pollen: Male gametophyte contains pollen grains. 5) Seeds contain the developing sporophyte plant (embryo) and food (cotyledon). |
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Name parts of a seed: |
Cotyledon = food Embryo = young plant Seed coat = outer shell |
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Name parts of the megasporangium: |
Integument surrounds the megaspore. The megaspore contains the egg, synergids (2), polar nuclei, and (3) antipodal cells. Megasporangium surrounds the embryo sac (which the megaspore is within). Micropyle is the space between the integument boundaries. All haploid cells. |
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Name parts of the pollen grain structure: |
Pollen sac found within the male gametangia are diploid. Microspores within undergo meiosis and form haploid cells. Each microspore is a pollen grain containing a generative nucleus and a tube nucleus. |
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What are the four phylums of gymnosperms? |
1) Cycadophyta: Has a central cone with sharp palm-like leaves. Existed during dinosaur times. 2) Ginkgophyta: Has fan-like leaves. Males produce fleshy covered seeds that stink. 3) Gnetophyta: Ephedra used as a decongestant. Do not look alike. Phylum is based on its molecular similarities and not physical similiarities. 4) Coniferophyta: Has pines, needles, scales, and cones (differentiated by male staminate cones and female ovulate cones). |
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What phylum do angiosperms belong to? |
Anthrophyta |
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What is the general structure of a flower? |
Contains 4 rings of modified leaves called sporophylls. 1) The collection of protective leaves (called sepals) = Calyx 2) The collection of petals = Corolla 3) The collection of stamen = androceium 4) The carpal structure = gynoceium |
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What is photoperiodism? |
The ability of an organism to detect change in day length (ie. the # of dark hours vs # of light hours). |
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What is florigen? |
The hormonal control sent to actively dividing parts of plants, telling them to differentiate into flowering cells. |
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What is Phytochrome? |
Two forms of proteins that convert into one another. 1) Pfr is phytochrome red -- it absorbs far red light. It is the active form that changes the chemistry of the protein and converts it into Pr. Far red light is most prominent during dark hours. 2) Pr absorbs red light. |
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Lifecycle of angiosperms: (male) |
Follows the general lifecycle of a plant without the gametangia step. Witin the anthers microsporangia, male gametophytes divide by meiosis to generate haploid microspores which undergo mitosis and form pollen grains. Each pollen grain contains two cells: one generative cell that will divide into two sperm, and a second cell called the tube cell. |
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Lifecycle of angiosperms: (female) |
The ovule, sheltered within the ovary of the carpel, contains the megasporangium protected by the integuments and ovary wall. The megasporocyte (within the megasporangium, undergoes meiosis and generates four megaspores. Three of these die, leaving one megaspore contained within the embryo sac. The megaspore goes through three rounds of mitosis, creating 8 cells: they become 3 antipodal cells, two polar nuclei, 2 synergids, and one egg. All of these cells are haploid. During fertilization, the pollen grain will enter between the opening of the integument called the micropyle. |
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Describe double fertilization: |
Involves pollination, a process that moves pollen from one flower (anther) to the stigma of another flower. Sperm cells travel down the pollen tube & down the style, before moving up the micropyle. The sperm then fertilizes the egg and forms a diploid zygote. The 2nd sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei forming the endosperm and is 3n. This becomes the food for the new embryo. |
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Seed formation and structure: |
Seeds contain an outer seed coat, the embryo and endosperm (cotyledon). |
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General characteristics of fruit: |
Formed by a mature ovary. Dry fruit = nuts Wet fruit = moist fruits such as apples, etc. |
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3 categories of fruits: |
1) Simple = one ovary. 2) Aggregate = made up of many ovaries 3) Multiple = made of many flowers |
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Examples of simple fruits: |
Legume = pea. Has a thin outer casing with many seeds. Drupe = peach. Has one large seed with a hard coating and fleshy material around the seed. Pome = apple. The receptacle matures and becomes the fruit. Hesperidium = orange. Hard leathery outer casing, fruit is organized in sections. Berry = Entire ovary becomes the fruit. Whole thing is edible. |
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Example of aggregates: |
Rasberries and strawberries. Contains the seeds on the outside surface. |
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Example of multiple fruit: |
Pineapple. Made of many flowers. |
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Types of adaptations of seeds for dispersal: |
- Barbs - seeds within berries so it is eaten and dispersed away from parent plant later - wings, so it can be carried away by the wind from the established plant. |
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What is ethylene? |
It is the hormone that controls when fruit ripen, causing cells to loosen. It is a hydrocarbon. |
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Classification of anthrophyta: |
Clades: 1) Monocots such as lily and grass 2) Dicots such as magnolia 3) Eudicots such as california poppy and roses. |
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Characteristics of monocots: |
Cotyledons: one Leaf venation: Parallel Stems: Vascular bundles - closed (look like a monkey face) Roots: Fiberous Flowers: Grouping of 3's |
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Characteristics of eudicots: |
Cotyledons: two Leaf venation: netted Stems: open rings Roots: taproots Flowers: groupings of 4's or 5's |
