Biology 6.3

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Sean Patrick Diansay

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Biology 6.3 Notes

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Mucous Membranes

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an epithelial tissue that secretes mucus and that lines many body cavities and tubular organs including the gut and respiratory passages.

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Pathogens

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a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host. The term is most often used for agents that disrupt the normal physiology of a multicellular animal or plant.

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Sebaceous Glands

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a small gland in the skin which secretes a lubricating oily matter (sebum) into the hair follicles to lubricate the skin and hair.

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Sebum

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an oily secretion of the sebaceous glands.

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Lysozyme

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These are enzymes that damage bacterial cell walls by catalyzing hydrolysis

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Platelets

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Colorless blood cells that help blood clot. Platelets stop bleeding by clumping and forming plugs in blood vessel injuries.

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Thrombin

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converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble strands of fibrin, as well as catalyzing many other coagulation-related reactions.

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Fibrin

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fibrous, non-globular protein involved in the clotting of blood. It is formed by the action of the protease thrombin on fibrinogen which causes the latter to polymerize.

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Fibrinogen

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a glycoprotein in vertebrates that helps in the formation of blood clots.

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Thrombus

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a healthy response to injury intended to prevent bleeding, but can be harmful in thrombosis, when clots obstruct blood flow through healthy blood vessels.

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Coronary Thrombus

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the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel of the heart.

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Reverse Transcriptase

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an enzyme used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template, a process termed reverse transcription. It is mainly associated with retroviruses.

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AIDS

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A disease in which the helper T-cells are destroyed.

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MRSA

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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium responsible for several difficult-to-treat infections in humans. It is also called oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

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MDR-TB

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TB that is resistant to multiple drugs

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Fibrillation

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Fibrillation is the rapid, irregular, and unsynchronized contraction of muscle fibers. An important occurrence is with regard to the heart.

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Phagocytes

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a type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles.

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Lysosomes

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an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.

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Lymphocytes

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a form of small leukocyte (white blood cell) with a single round nucleus, occurring especially in the lymphatic system.

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Specific Immune Response

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A response by the immune system to a certain type of pathogen

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Antigen

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An antigen is any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it. An antigen may be a foreign substance from the environment, such as chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or pollen. An antigen may also be formed inside the body, as with bacterial toxins or tissue cells.

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Antibodies

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An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shape protein produced by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the harmful agent, called an antigen, via the variable region.

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Plasma Cells

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a fully differentiated B cell that produces a single type of antibody.

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Memory Cells

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Memory B cells are a B cell sub-type that are formed within germinal centers following primary infection and are important in generating an accelerated and more robust antibody-mediated immune response in the case of re-infection (also known as a secondary immune response).

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T-Cells

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a lymphocyte of a type produced or processed by the thymus gland and actively participating in the immune response.

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HIV

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The human immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus that causes HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

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Retrovirus

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Retroviridae is a family of enveloped viruses that replicate in a host cell through the process of reverse transcription.

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Opportunistic Infections(Kaposi's Sarcoma)

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an infection caused by bacterial, viral, fungal, or protozoan pathogens that take advantage of a host with aweakened immune system or an altered microbiota (such as a disrupted gut flora)

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Antibiotics

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Antibiotics or antibacterials are a type of antimicrobial used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infection. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.