Biology 6 Chapter 33 Invertebrates

Front 1

Sponges Characteristics

Back 1

a) Suspension feeder: captures food particles suspended in water that pass through it; non-motile
b) Asymmetric
c) Lack true tissue
d) Size= few mm – few m

Front 2

Sponge anatomy

Back 2

a) Spongocoel (sponge space): central cavity of sponges
b) Osculum (opening of sponge): larger opening in sponges
c) Mesophyll (middle layer): middle, gelatinous layer between exterior and interior cells
d) Choanocytes (sperm): flagellated cells lining the interior of the sponge; generate current for filter feeding
e) Amoebocytes (amoeba): cells in the mesophyll that move about by pseudopodia; ingest/digest food, produce spicules

Front 3

Sponge reproduction

Back 3

a) Hermaphrodite: each sponge functions as both sexes during reproduction
b) Sequential hermaphroditism: sponge functions first as one sex, then the other

Front 4

Cnidarian characteristics

Back 4

a) Carnivorous, sessile & free-floating
b) Radial symmetric
c) True tissues
d) Size = few mm – few m

Front 5

Cnidarian anatomy:Poly p

Back 5

Poly p: cylindrical forms that adhere to substrate with mouths and arms up
Example: sea anemones

Front 6

Cnidarian anatomy:Medusa

Back 6

flattened, free-swimming froms with mouths and arms down
Example: jelly fish

Front 7

Cnidarian anatomy: Cnidocytes

Back 7

cells designed for defense and prey capture – located on tentacles

Front 8

Cnidarian anatomy: Nematocysts

Back 8

stinging capsules
Nerve net: no brain based around sensory structures throughout body controlling contractile tissues

Front 9

Cnidarian anatomy: Gastrovascular cavity

Back 9

acts as a hydrostatic skeleton for shape

Front 10

Platyhelminthes (flatworm) characteristics

Back 10

a) Free living and parasitic
b) Dorsoventrally flattened
c) Marine, freshwater inhabitants
d) Microscopic – 20 m long

Front 11

Platyhelminthes (flatworm) anatomy

Back 11

a) Triploblastic
b) Acoelomates
c) Sinlge-opening gastrovascular cavity
d) Gas exchange, waste elimination by diffusion

Front 12

Flatworm Diversity: Turbellarians

Back 12

i. Free living predatory & saprophytic
ii. Ciliated movement on a film of mucus
iii. Light-senstive eyes, chem-sensitive ears
iv. Asexual/sexual reproduction

Front 13

Flatworm Diversity: Tapeworms

Back 13

i. Parasitic on vertebrates
ii. Hermaphroditic – gonas in proglottids
iii. Scolex with suckers/hooks for attachment
iv. No gastrovascular cavity – nutrition by absorption

Front 14

Rotifer characteristics

Back 14

a) Crown of cilia creates vortex of water for feeding where pharyngeal grind up food
b) Alimentary canal with mouth and anus
c) Marine, freshwater inhabitants
d) 5 – 2.0 mm in length

Front 15

Rotifer reproduction

Back 15

a) Parthenogenesis: reproduction in which offspring develop from unfertilized eggs
b) All female
c) Bdelloidea – became asexual 35 mya

Front 16

Mollusca characteristics

Back 16

a) Soft – bodied animals, most protected by a shell of calcium
b) Marine, freshwater, terrestrial
c) Includes snail, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, and squid

Front 17

Mollusca reproduction

Back 17

a) Most have separate exes with gonads
b) Many snails are hermaphroditic
c) Larval stage of many marine mollusks include a trochophore and veliger

Front 18

Mollusca diversity: Gastropods

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(75% of mollusks spp)
a) Marin, freshwater, terrestrial
b) Most with a shell and distinct head
c) Herbivores and carnivores

Front 19

Mollusca diversity: Bivalves

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a) Marine and freshwater
b) Hinged shells, no distinct head
c) Sessile filter-feeders

Front 20

Mollusca diversity: Cephalopods

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a) Closed circulatory system
b) Shell reduced or missing
c) Well-developed sense organs with a complex brain active predators
d) Tentacles containing suckers/teeth are used to grasp prey and immobilizing is injected with a break-like jaw
e) Ammonite

Front 21

Ammonite:

Back 21

dominant marine invertebrate predator for hundreds of millions of years up to 1 m in diam.; disappeared at the end of cretaceous 65 mya.

Front 22

Annelida characteristics

Back 22

a) Segmented worms
b) Marine, freshwater, terrestrial
c) 1mm – 3.0 m in length

Front 23

Annelida diversity: Oligochaetes

Back 23

(earth worms)
i. Chaetae: ventral bristles made of chitin
ii. Hermaphroditic
iii. Ingest soil and extract nutrients
iv. Clitellum: secretes mucous cocoon that slides along the worm picking up eggs and sperm, depositing it in soil.

Front 24

Annelida diversity:Polychaetes

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(sand worms)
i. Each segment has a pair of parapodia that generally function in locomotion
ii. Each parapodium has several chaetae – more numerous than in oligochaetes
iii. Mostly marine – planktonic, pelagic, crawlers, burrowers, tube dwellers

Front 25

Annelida Diversity: Hirudineans

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(leeches)
i. Predatory & parasitic
ii. Blade-like teeth/ enzymes break skin
iii. Anesthetic/anticoagulant secreted
iv. Engorges itself on blood up to 10x own weight, but won’t eat again for months

Front 26

Round worms characteristics

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a) No circulatory system
b) Body covered by a cuticle, long muslces
c) Aquatic/soil inhabitants as well as soft tissues of plants and animals
d) 1 mm – 1.0 m in length
e) 25,000 spp

Front 27

Roundworms reproduction

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a) Sexual with separate sexes
b) Females lay 100,000+ eggs/day which are resistant to harsh conditions
c) Most widespread of all spp

Front 28

Arthropoda anatomy

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a) Exoskeleton made of chitin
i. Thick over body for protection, thin over joints of articulation
ii. Allows for muscle attachment
iii. Undergoes occasional molst
iv. Impermeable to water, preventing dehydration
b) Well developed sensory organs
c) Open circulatory system: heart pumping hemolymph through short arteries into sinuses, reentering the heart via pores
d) Gas echange carried out by gills in aquatic spp and tracheal systems in terrestrial spp

Front 29

Anthropoda diversity: Insects general information

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i. More spp than all other form of life combined
ii. Marine, freshwater and terrestrial inhabitants
iii. First emerged 416 mya

Front 30

Anthropoda diversity: Insects reproduction

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i. Usually sexual with separate sexes
ii. Internal fertilization; sperm is stored in the female for fertilizing one batch of eggs
iii. Many insects mate only one in lifetime
iv. Complete metamorphosis: larva stage, specialized for feeding, looks entirely different form adult, which is specialized for dispersal and breeding
v. Incomplete metamorphosis: young resemble adults, but have different body proportions and lack wings
vi. Reaches adult stage through population. Example: butterflies
vii. Grows through a series of molts; with final molt becomes a winged, sexually mature adult. Ex: bugs

Front 31

Anthropoda Diversity: Crustaceans

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i. Marine, freshwater and terrestrial inhabitants
ii. Gas exchange occurs in thin parts of the cuticle or through gills
iii. Specialized appendages

Front 32

Anthropoda Diversity: Crustaceans reproduction

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i. Separate sexes
ii. Specialized appendages transfer sperm from male to female
iii. Most aquatic crustaceans go through on or more swimming larval stages

Front 33

Echinoderms characteristics

Back 33

a) Spiny skin covering an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates
b) Slow-moving or sessile marine spp
c) Water vascular system that function in locomotion, feeding & temp. regulation

Front 34

Echinoderms reproduction

Back 34

a) Separate sexes
b) External fertilization
c) Pentamorous radial symmetry in adults; bilateral symmetry in larvae

Front 35

Chelicerae

Back 35

claw like feeding appendages

Front 36

Lophophores

Back 36

horse-shoe to circular crown of ciliated oral tentacles