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33 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

General Characteristics of Mushrooms

1) 100,000 species (1.5 million species may actually exist)
2) Found in every terrestrial habitat
3) Single-celled to multicellular
4) Heterotrophic
General Functions of Mushrooms
1) Breakdown organic material while recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem

2) Source of products from food to antibiotics

3) same are pathogenic to plants and animals
Unique Characteristics of Mushrooms
Armillaria ostoyae (Malheur National Forest, OR)

a) 965 hectares large (1,800 football fields)
b) weighs hundreds of tons
c) over 1,900 years old
Nutrition and Ecology of Heterotrophic Fungi
Part 1
1. Heterotrophs that do not ingest food

2. Absorb nutrients from external environment

3. Use enzymes to break down complex molecules into smaller, more absorbable molecules
Nutrition and Ecology of Heterotrophic Fungi
Part 2
4. Saprophytes: organisms that feed on dead and decaying organic material

5. In nature, serve as decomposers, parasites, and mutualists
Morphology of Heterotrophic Fungi:
Yeast
a) Unicellular fungi

b) Inhabit moist environments including plant sap and animal
Morphology of Heterotrophic Fungi:
Hyphae
network of tiny filaments consisting of tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm
Morphology of Heterotrophic Fungi:
Mycelium
interwoven mat of hyphae

a) Infiltrates material on which it feeds

b) Maximizes surface area: volume

c) Grows rapidly
\
d) Extends hyphae into areas that are more nutritious
Morphology of Heterotrophic Fungi:
Chitin
strong, but flexible nitrogen-containing polysaccharide found in the cell walls of fungi

a) plant cell walls contain cellulose

b) Arthropod exoskeletons contain chitin
Morphology of Heterotrophic Fungi:
Septum
porous cross-wall that divides hyphae into cells
Morphology of Heterotrophic Fungi:
Coenocytic fungi
fungi without septa; consists of a continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds or thousands of nuclei
Morphology of Heterotrophic Fungi:
Haustoria
specialized hyphae used to extract nutrients or exchange nutrients with hosts
(parasitic & mutualistic)
Morphology of Heterotrophic Fungi:
Mycorrhizae
specialized hyphae which Developed a beneficial relationship between fungi and Plant roots

a) Increase surface area of roots enhancing uptake of water and
minerals
b) Receive food from plants
Reproductive Fungi of Heterotrophic Fungi:
Spores
1. Produced during sexual/asexual reproduction

2. Released in vast numbers (trillions)

3. Travel great distances by wind/water
Reproductive Fungi of Heterotrophic Fungi:
Sexual
1. Nuclei of hyphae, spores are haploid
2. Hyphae release pheromones
•Opposite mating types of hyphae grow towards each other and fuse upon contact
Plasmogamy
fusion of cytoplasm of cells from 2 individuals
Heterokaryon
fungal mycelium that contains 2+ haploid nuclei per cell
Dikaryotic
fungal mycelium with 2 haploid nuclei per cell – one from each parent
Karyogamy
haploid nuclei from each parent fuse producing diploid cells
Reproduction: Asexual
1. Unicellular fungi (yeast) reproduce by simple cell division (binary fission)

2. Filamentous fungi (molds) that produce haploid spores by mitosis

3. Deuteromycetes: yeasts and filamentous fungi with no known sexual stage (AKA Fungi imperfecti)
Characteristics of Earliest Fungi
Closely linked to protists/animals (DNA)
2. Earliest common ancestor diverged 1 billion years ago
3. Flagellated
4. Unicellular
Lineages of Fungi:
Chytrids
1. Single-celled and colonial (a bunch or single-celled organisms living in the same place at the same time)

2. Decomposers, parasites, mutualists

3. Ubiquitous (abundant or found everywhere) in lakes and soils

4. 1000 species
Lineages of Fungi:
Zygomycetes
1. Multicellular

2. Mold, parasites, commensalists (a relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefit from the relationship)

3. Grows on foods (bread mold)

4. 1000 species

5. Resistant to freezing and drying (becomes metabolically inactive)
Lineages of Fungi:
Glomeromycetes
1. Multicellular

2. Mutualists (arbuscular Mycorrhizae)

3. Grows in 90% of all plant roots

4. 160 species
Lineages of Fungi:
Ascomycetes
1. Unicellular (yeast)/multicellular (mushroom)

2. Decomposers, pathogens, mutualists

3. Marine, freshwater, terrestrial habitats

4. 65,000 species

5. Defining feature = sexual spore production in sac-like ascus (capsule)
Lineages of Fungi:
Basidiomycetes
1. Multicellular

2. Decomposers, pathogens/parasites (smuts & rusts), mutualists

3. 30,000 species
\
4. Defining Feature = sexual spore production in club-like basidio-carp (fruiting body)
Decomposers
1. Breakdown organic material (saprophytic)

2. Important in recycling C, N, etc
Mutualists: Fungus-Plant
1) Mycorrhizal fungi

2) Endophytes
Endophytes
fungi that live in plant parts other than roots without causing harm

a) Produce toxins (herbivores)

b) Defend against pathogens

c) Increases tolerances:
i) Heat
ii) Drought
Mutualists: Fungus-Animal
1. Leaf-cutter ants
a) Fungi grow on cut leaves
b) Fungi produce swollen tips rich in proteins and carbohydrates on which the ants feed
Mutualists: Fungus-Alga
Lichens: symbiotic relationship between a
Fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium
a) Fungi provide habitat, algae provide
food
b) Pioneer organisms
c) 13,500 species
Pathogens
1. 30& of known fungi are pathogenic/parasitic
- mostly to plants

2. Mycosis: animal fungal infection (50 species
Commercial Uses of Fungi
1. Decomposers, recyclers

2. Mycorrhizae

3. Yeast (baker’s & brewer’s)

4. Food

5. Medicine (Penicillium)

6. Research