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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
General Characteristics of Mushrooms |
1) 100,000 species (1.5 million species may actually exist)
2) Found in every terrestrial habitat 3) Single-celled to multicellular 4) Heterotrophic |
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General Functions of Mushrooms
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1) Breakdown organic material while recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem
2) Source of products from food to antibiotics 3) same are pathogenic to plants and animals |
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Unique Characteristics of Mushrooms
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Armillaria ostoyae (Malheur National Forest, OR)
a) 965 hectares large (1,800 football fields) b) weighs hundreds of tons c) over 1,900 years old |
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Nutrition and Ecology of Heterotrophic Fungi
Part 1 |
1. Heterotrophs that do not ingest food
2. Absorb nutrients from external environment 3. Use enzymes to break down complex molecules into smaller, more absorbable molecules |
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Nutrition and Ecology of Heterotrophic Fungi
Part 2 |
4. Saprophytes: organisms that feed on dead and decaying organic material
5. In nature, serve as decomposers, parasites, and mutualists |
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Morphology of Heterotrophic Fungi:
Yeast |
a) Unicellular fungi
b) Inhabit moist environments including plant sap and animal |
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Morphology of Heterotrophic Fungi:
Hyphae |
network of tiny filaments consisting of tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm
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Morphology of Heterotrophic Fungi:
Mycelium |
interwoven mat of hyphae
a) Infiltrates material on which it feeds b) Maximizes surface area: volume c) Grows rapidly \ d) Extends hyphae into areas that are more nutritious |
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Morphology of Heterotrophic Fungi:
Chitin |
strong, but flexible nitrogen-containing polysaccharide found in the cell walls of fungi
a) plant cell walls contain cellulose b) Arthropod exoskeletons contain chitin |
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Morphology of Heterotrophic Fungi:
Septum |
porous cross-wall that divides hyphae into cells
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Morphology of Heterotrophic Fungi:
Coenocytic fungi |
fungi without septa; consists of a continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds or thousands of nuclei
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Morphology of Heterotrophic Fungi:
Haustoria |
specialized hyphae used to extract nutrients or exchange nutrients with hosts
(parasitic & mutualistic) |
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Morphology of Heterotrophic Fungi:
Mycorrhizae |
specialized hyphae which Developed a beneficial relationship between fungi and Plant roots
a) Increase surface area of roots enhancing uptake of water and minerals b) Receive food from plants |
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Reproductive Fungi of Heterotrophic Fungi:
Spores |
1. Produced during sexual/asexual reproduction
2. Released in vast numbers (trillions) 3. Travel great distances by wind/water |
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Reproductive Fungi of Heterotrophic Fungi:
Sexual |
1. Nuclei of hyphae, spores are haploid
2. Hyphae release pheromones •Opposite mating types of hyphae grow towards each other and fuse upon contact |
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Plasmogamy
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fusion of cytoplasm of cells from 2 individuals
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Heterokaryon
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fungal mycelium that contains 2+ haploid nuclei per cell
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Dikaryotic
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fungal mycelium with 2 haploid nuclei per cell – one from each parent
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Karyogamy
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haploid nuclei from each parent fuse producing diploid cells
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Reproduction: Asexual
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1. Unicellular fungi (yeast) reproduce by simple cell division (binary fission)
2. Filamentous fungi (molds) that produce haploid spores by mitosis 3. Deuteromycetes: yeasts and filamentous fungi with no known sexual stage (AKA Fungi imperfecti) |
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Characteristics of Earliest Fungi
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Closely linked to protists/animals (DNA)
2. Earliest common ancestor diverged 1 billion years ago 3. Flagellated 4. Unicellular |
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Lineages of Fungi:
Chytrids |
1. Single-celled and colonial (a bunch or single-celled organisms living in the same place at the same time)
2. Decomposers, parasites, mutualists 3. Ubiquitous (abundant or found everywhere) in lakes and soils 4. 1000 species |
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Lineages of Fungi:
Zygomycetes |
1. Multicellular
2. Mold, parasites, commensalists (a relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefit from the relationship) 3. Grows on foods (bread mold) 4. 1000 species 5. Resistant to freezing and drying (becomes metabolically inactive) |
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Lineages of Fungi:
Glomeromycetes |
1. Multicellular
2. Mutualists (arbuscular Mycorrhizae) 3. Grows in 90% of all plant roots 4. 160 species |
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Lineages of Fungi:
Ascomycetes |
1. Unicellular (yeast)/multicellular (mushroom)
2. Decomposers, pathogens, mutualists 3. Marine, freshwater, terrestrial habitats 4. 65,000 species 5. Defining feature = sexual spore production in sac-like ascus (capsule) |
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Lineages of Fungi:
Basidiomycetes |
1. Multicellular
2. Decomposers, pathogens/parasites (smuts & rusts), mutualists 3. 30,000 species \ 4. Defining Feature = sexual spore production in club-like basidio-carp (fruiting body) |
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Decomposers
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1. Breakdown organic material (saprophytic)
2. Important in recycling C, N, etc |
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Mutualists: Fungus-Plant
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1) Mycorrhizal fungi
2) Endophytes |
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Endophytes
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fungi that live in plant parts other than roots without causing harm
a) Produce toxins (herbivores) b) Defend against pathogens c) Increases tolerances: i) Heat ii) Drought |
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Mutualists: Fungus-Animal
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1. Leaf-cutter ants
a) Fungi grow on cut leaves b) Fungi produce swollen tips rich in proteins and carbohydrates on which the ants feed |
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Mutualists: Fungus-Alga
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Lichens: symbiotic relationship between a
Fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium a) Fungi provide habitat, algae provide food b) Pioneer organisms c) 13,500 species |
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Pathogens
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1. 30& of known fungi are pathogenic/parasitic
- mostly to plants 2. Mycosis: animal fungal infection (50 species |
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Commercial Uses of Fungi
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1. Decomposers, recyclers
2. Mycorrhizae 3. Yeast (baker’s & brewer’s) 4. Food 5. Medicine (Penicillium) 6. Research |