Biology 6 Ch 41 Animal Nutrition

Front 1

Herbivores

Back 1

Plant eater
example: cows, etc.

Front 2

Carnivores

Back 2

meat eaters
example: cats, etc.

Front 3

Omnivores

Back 3

plant and meat eaters
example: raccoon's, etc.

Front 4

Fuel

Back 4

chemical energy for all cellular work

Front 5

Raw materials

Back 5

carbon skeletons for biosynthesis of all organic molecules

Front 6

Essential Nutrients

Back 6

substances that an animal cannot make for itself

Front 7

Cellular Respiration

Back 7

process in which ATP is generated in order to power basal metabolism, physiological activities, and thermoregulation in endotherms
example: cheetahs

Front 8

Carbohydrates

Back 8

quick energy source

Front 9

Lipids

Back 9

long term energy storage

Front 10

Proteins

Back 10

last resort energy source after carbohydrates and lipids have been exhausted
example: hummingbird

Front 11

Glucose Regulation

Back 11

1. when glucose is not used, it is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver
2. excess glucose- that which is not converted into glycogen- is stored as fat
3. when needed, glycogen can be converted into energy

Front 12

Undernourishment
*tested in the form of multiple choice

Back 12

stores of glycogen and fat are depleted and the body begins breaking down proteins for metabolism
a. brain becomes protein deficient
b. muscles decrease in size
c. death eventually results
d. causes: starvation, anorexia

Front 13

Obesity

Back 13

body hoards/ stores fat instead of using it for fuel
a. colon, breast cancer, diabetes develops
b. cardiovascular disease increases (heart attacks, strokes)
c. causes: diet, sedentary life style, leptin (feel their always starving) deficiency

Front 14

Malnourishment

Back 14

a diet missing one or more essential nutrients
a. essential nutrients- materials that must be obtained in preassembled form because the body cannot make them
b. example: ascorbic acid (orange juice)

Front 15

Amino acids

Back 15

8 of which must be obtained in preassembled form for the body cannot manufacture them
a. animals require 20 AA for protein synthesis
b. protein diet enables body to manufacture 12
c. sources: animal products (cheese, eggs, meat, etc.) and plant products

Front 16

Amino Acid deficiency

Back 16

protein deficiency, usually in children who are likely lagging in physical and mental development
Example: bellies extending in kids

Front 17

Fatty Acids

Back 17

dietary requirement necessary to build cell membranes

Front 18

Unsaturated fatty acids

Back 18

found in plant based oils; liquid at room temperature
i. less than the maximum number of H's
ii. double bond
iii. healthy
example: corn oil, canola oil, virgin olive oil instead of butter

Front 19

Saturated fatty acids

Back 19

found in animal based oils; solids at room temperature
i. single bond, maximum number of H's
ii. unhealthy

Front 20

Vitamins

Back 20

ORGANIC molecules required in small amounts, preventing deficiencies which could result in severe problems
a. 13 essential vitamins for humans
b. most found in a balanced diet

Front 21

Water soluble

Back 21

easily dissolved in water and are excreted from the body
i. Vitamin C (connective tissue production)

Front 22

Fat Soluble

Back 22

absorbed through the intestinal tract and accumulate in the body
i. Vitamin D (Ca absorption, bone formation)
example: milk

Front 23

Minerals

Back 23

simple INORGANIC molecules required in small amounts preventing deficiencies which could result in severe problems

Front 24

Essential Minerals *not on exam

Back 24

i. Ca, P- bone construction, maintenance
ii. Fe- component in hemoglobin
iii. I- maintains thyroid function
iv. Na, K, Cl- nerve function, osmotic balance

Front 25

Ingestion

Back 25

Process of eating

Front 26

Digestion

Back 26

breakdown of food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb

Front 27

Absorption

Back 27

cellular uptake of small molecules by digestive system

Front 28

Elimination

Back 28

passage of undigested material from the digestive system

Front 29

Complete Digestive Tract

Back 29

digestive tube extending between mouth and anus
a. one way
*tube within a tube
example: snake digestive tract

Front 30

Intracellular digestion

Back 30

hyrolytic enzymes released into vacuole where organic molecules are broken down without digesting cytoplasm
a. phagocytosis or pinocytosis
b. lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles to release enzymes
example: amoeba preparing for intracellular digestion

Front 31

Extracellular Digestion

Back 31

hydrolytic enzymes released outside of cells within a compartment continuous with the exterior
a. allows for larger prey/more food to be digested
example: human digestive tract and stomach lining cells

Front 32

Gastrovascular Cavity

Back 32

digestive sac with one opening that functions in digestion and absorption of nutrients throughout organism
a. Example: cnidarians (jelly fish)

Front 33

Peristalsis

Back 33

rhythmic waves of contraction by involuntary smooth muscles in walls of tracts

Front 34

Sphincter

Back 34

ring-like valve that regulates passage of material between specialized regions of the tract
*make sure food moves one way so it doesn't come back

Front 35

Oral Cavity

Back 35

where food is mechanically (teeth) and chemically (saliva) broken down

Front 36

Saliva

Back 36

contains digestive enzymes, mucin which protects the mouth's living from abrasion, and lubricants to make the food easier to swallow

Front 37

Tongue

Back 37

tastes and manipulates food while chewing; shapes it into a ball (bolus)
a. pushes the bolus to the back of the mouth prior to swallowing
example: tongue papillae

Front 38

Pharynx

Back 38

junction that opens to both the esophagus and trachea

Front 39

Esophagus

Back 39

conducts food from the mouth to the stomach by peristalsis
a. swallowing is voluntary (striated muscles), however the rest of digestion is involuntary (smooth muscles)

Front 40

Stomach

Back 40

site of continuing digestion and food storage
a. stretches to accommodate 2L of food
b. secretes
i. gastric juices
ii. pepsin
iii. HCL
c. prevents self digestion
d. end results

Front 41

Stomach self digestion

Back 41

i. delayed activation of enzymes until in lumen of stomach
ii. secretion of a mucus coating from stomach living cells
iii.constant regeneration of stomach lining cells by mitosis

Front 42

Stomach End Results

Back 42

i. nutrient-rich acidic chyme is produced
ii. chyme leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine by way of the pyloric sphincter

Front 43

small intestine

Back 43

site of enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules and absorption of nutrients into blood stream
a. up to 6m long in humans
b. site of most nutrient absorption
c. large surface area (300 m^2)

Front 44

Villi

Back 44

finger like projections into lumen of the small intestine

Front 45

Microvilli

Back 45

microscopic finger like projections on top of the villi

Front 46

Lacteals

Back 46

small lymphatic vessels that, along with blood vessels, penetrate villi in order to absorb nutrients

Front 47

Pancreas

Back 47

produces hydrolytic enzymes and bicarbonate that acts as buffers to the acidic chyme

Front 48

Liver

Back 48

produces bile containing bile salts that act as detergents or emulsifiers which aid in the digestion and absorption of fats
a. Hepatic portal vein

Front 49

Hepatic portal vein

Back 49

vessel where capillaries and veins carrying nutrient rich blood from villi converge

Front 50

Large Intestine (colon)

Back 50

site of water absorption; along with small intestine, absorbs approximately 90% of water that enters the digestive tract
a. up to 1.5 m long in humans
b. site of feces formation
c. home to many bacteria (found in feces)
d. E. Coli
e. Viral/bacterial infections irritate the lining of the small intestine, reducing water absorption resulting in diarrhea
f. too slow and too much water is absorbed resulting in constipation
example: e. coli found in small intestine

Front 51

Rectum

Back 51

endpoint of the colon; stores feces until they can be eliminated
a. two sphincters are located between the rectum and anus- one voluntary, the other involuntary

Front 52

Homodont

Back 52

teeth are identical in shape; used for grasping and swallowing prey whole
a. examples: fish, amphibians, reptiles

Front 53

Heterodont

Back 53

teeth are different in shape; used for tearing and chewing, breaking food down into smaller pieces
a. include incisors, bicuspids (canines), molars (carnassials)
b. example: mammal

Front 54

Expandable Stomach

Back 54

allows for more ingestion at one time; next meal unknown

Front 55

Elongated intestine

Back 55

creates more surface are for more absorption of hard to digest plant material

Front 56

Symbiosis

Back 56

herbivores house methanogens which contain enzymes to assist in breaking down cellulose
a. location of symbiotic bacteria in the digestive tract varies from species to species