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49 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What is the cell theory?

1) all living things are made up of one or more cells.


2) cells are the basic unit of life


3) all cells come from pre-existing cells.

What essential tasks must cells carry out?

- obtain food and energy


- construct and maintain cell structures


- carry out chemical reactions


- eliminate wastes


- reproduce

Define organelle.

Specialized cell structure that has a specific function, usually enclosed within its own membrane.

Differentiate between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

Prokaryotes - are cells that are very simple in structure, and do not have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles. Ex; archaea, bacteria.



Eukaryotes- are cells that have a more complex internal organization, and contain a nucleus and other organelles. Ex; amoeba, whales

What do animal cell and plant cell have that's different?

Plant cell have:


- a thick cell wall. It provides support for the cell, and protects it from physical injury.



- chloroplast. It contains chlorophyll that gives it a green colour in plants. It also absorbs light energy which is used in photosynthesis.



- vacuole. Plant cells have one large vacuole, while animal has small but many. It contains water to keep the cells plump.

Define photosynthesis.

It allows plants to obtain their energy from the Sun so that they can make their own food.

Name the structures that both the plants and animal cells have in common. And describe the function.

°cell membrane - to support the cell, and contain semi permeable membrane to keep some substances out while allow others in.



°Nucleus - is a large control center of a cell, directing all cell activities. (chromosomes contain DNA and is stored here)



°Mitochondria - it is the powerhouse of the cell. (provides energy through cellular respiration)



°Endoplasmic Reticulum - it transport materials such as proteins through the cell.



° Ribosomes - Proteins are made in this organelle.



° Golgi Bodies/ Apparatus - collects and process materials to be removed from the cell. Tbey also secrete mucus. Cell lining in instestine have many Golgi bodies.



° Cytoplasm - all organelles are suspended in there. It mostly contain water but also other substances that are stored and will be needed later.



° DNA - chromatin ia a thread like material inside the nucleus.


Contains genetic information called dna.(deoxyribonucleic acid) a substance that chromosomes are composed of that makes up the genetic code.

Function of each of the following parts.

°Stage - to support microscope slide


°Clips - holds the slide in position on the stage


°Diaphragm - controls the amount of light that reaches the object being viewed


°Objective lenses magnify the object


°Revolving nosepiece - hold the objective lenses, rotates to allow objective lenses to be changed


°Body tube - contains eyepiece, support objective lenses


°Eyepiece - magnifies the image of the object


°Coarse adjustment knob - moves body tube up or down to get the object into focus.


°Fine adjustment knob - moves the tube to get the object into sharp focus.


°Light source - provides light so the microscope slide can be seen

Why are microscopes that we used called compound microscopes?

Its because it has two types of lenses. The occular lense and objective lense.

Purpose of cell division.

- allows organism to reproduce


- allows organism to grow


- allows organisms to repair damage

What are the two basic kinds of reporduction?

Asexual reproduction: - involves one parent, and is genetically identical to parent



Sexual reproduction: - offspring inherit genetic information from both parents, each parents contributes one gamete.



Gamete half cells. They only ckntain half the DNA usually found in cells.


As organisms grow, the number of cells increases. The size of cells does not. Why?

Chemicals and water must be able to move quickly into, throughout, and out of the cells quickly enough for the proper function of the cell. Wastes also must be transported quickly out of the cell. When the cell is too large, chemical, water, and wastes cannot be transported quickly enough, causing intoxination.

Chemical move by diffusion.


Water moves by osmosis.

Diffusion - they move from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.



Osmosis - moves water towards an area of higher solute concentration through a semi permeable membrane.

How do cells repair? And how do skin, red, and broken bones repair?

- They repair themselves through cell division.


- Skin cells: everyday millions are replaced.


- Red blood cells: each red blood cell is replaced every 120 days


- Broken bones, cuts, blisters: new cells needed to fill in gaps.

Embryonic cells _______


Adultt nerve cells _______

- divide rapidly


- may never divide

Tell the cell cycle and describe.

Stage 1: Interphase - the longest stage of the cycle. The cell performs its normal functions and in preparation for cell division duplicate its genetic materials (DNA).



Stage 2: Cell division (Mitosis):


Phase 1: Prophase -


*DNA compacts into visible form as chromosomes.


*Each chromosomes contain two strands called sister chromatids.


*Sister chromatids are held together by a centromere


*The nuclear membrane breaks down.



Phase 2: Metaphase


*Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.



Phase 3: Anaphase


*The centromere splits and sister chromatids separates.


*They are now called daughter chromosomes


*They move to opposite ends of the cell, pulled by spindle fibers.



Phase 4: Telophase


*Final phase of mitosis


*Chromosomes stretch and are no longer visible.


*A new nuclear membrane forms around each group of chromosomes.



Stage 3: Cytokinesis -


*Final stage of cell division, and cell cycle.


* The cytoplasm divides and two genetically cells are formed.


*In plant cells a plate develops into a new cell wall


* In animal cells, the cell membrane is punched off in the center.



I, PMAT, C



Why are chromosomes visible during mitosis but not at other times?

It is because chromosomes are condensed during mitosis.

Which stage or phase of the cell cycle corresponds to each of the description below?


A) a new cell wall begins to form


B) The membrane of the nucleus dissolved


C) daughter chromosomes begin to separate


D) Thick chromosomes thread are visible in 2 distinct region of the cell.


E) The cell grows and copies its DNA


F) The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

A) Cytokinesis


B) Prophase


C) Anaphase


D) Telophase


E) Interphase


F) Metaphase

What are the levels of organization in the animal body. Define.

*Cell - simplest unit of life


*Tissue - a collection of similar cells that perform a function.


* Organ - a structure composed of different tissues working together to perform a complex body function.


*Organ system - a system of one or more organs and structures that work together to perform a major body function such as digestion.

The four main types of animal tissue. Found in and function.

Connective tissue:


- found in bones and tendons


- to support and insulated


Nervous tissue:


- found in spinal cord and brain


- to communicate within the body



Epithelial tissue:


- found in skin and digestive tract


- to protect surfaces from dehydration and barrier from outside disease. Produce vitamin D



Muscle tissue:


- found in muscle, digestive tract, and heart


- is movement


Types of stem cells

- Embryonic stem cells: can become any tissue in the body.


- Adult stem cells: - self renewal - can give rise to differentiated mature cells.


- Umbilical Cord stem cells: can be used to generate blood cells and cells of the immune system. Can be used to treat various blood disorders such as leukaemia, and sickle cell anemia.

Stem cell terminology

°Totipotent


- can turn into any type of cell


- found in zygote


- can create an entire organism



• Pluripotent


- can turn into almost any cell type


- cannot produce and entire organism


- harvested from embryos, destroying the embryo



• Multipotent


- can only turn into certain types of cells


- all blood cells from stem cells found in bone marrow


- after dividing one cell remains a stem cell, while the other becomes specialized or may produce two stem cells

Describe the function of human digestive system.


-mouth


- esophagus


-stomache


- small intestine


-large intestine


- liver


- pancreas


- gall bladder

Mouth: the breakdown of food mechanically and chemically



Esophagus: connects mouth to stomach, and help in movement of food to stomach



Stomach: holds it and churns it to continue the process of digestion



Small intestine: where most digestion occurs



Large intestine: its lining absorbs water from the indigestible food.



Liver: supplying digestive enzymes, and produce bile to help breakdown of fat



Pancreas: produce enzymes called insulin. It regulates the concentration of glucose in the blood.



Gall bladder: to store excess acid or base to be remove with urine and water.



Name the three main compp ents of a circulatory system.

- Blood


- The heart


- Blood vessels


Name the four components of blood and describe their function.

Red blood cells: contains a protein called haemoglobin, which allows them to transport oxygen throughout the body.



White blood cells: are infection fighting cells in the blood. They recognize and destroy invading bacteria and viruses.



Platelets: helps in blood clotting.



Plasma: protein rich liquid that carries the blood cells along.

Name and describe the three types of blood vessels.

Arteries: carries blood away from the heart. Has a thicker wall because it needs to withstand the pressure of blood being pumped out of the heart.



Veins: carries blood to the heart. Does not have a thick wall as it is only carrying blood to the heart.



Capillaries: are tiny blood vessels with very thin walls that allows substances to diffuse between the blood and other body fluids and tissues. Every part of the body is supplied with blood by a network of capillaries.

Name the three types of connectivity tissue in the skeleton.

- bones


- cartilage


- ligaments

Three types of muscles. Give examples.

- Skeletal muscles: bicep/tricep (under our control)



- Smooth muscles: line the organs, arteries, veins (not under our control)



- Cardiac muscles: heart muscle (not under our control)

State the two main functions of the nervous system.

I) communication


Ii) coordination of body activities

Describe the function of the three groups of nerves that makes up the peripheral nervous system.

- nerves that control the voluntary muscles


- nerves that carry information from the sensory organs, such as the eyes, ears, taste buds, and touch receptors to the brain.


- nerves that regulate involuntary functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestion.

What are neurons.

Communication specialist.

What are nerves?

Special cells of nerve tissue.

Describe the function of the myelin sheath.

It acts like the insulator on an electrical wire, preventing electrical impulses from passing to the wrong neurons.

What are sensory receptors.

They are special cells or tissue that receives input from external environment and send signals along the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system . Ex, mouth, nose, skin, muscles, eye.

What other information does the sensory receptors detect?

Temperature, balance, motion, pain, and pressure.

What are reflexes? Give two examples.

Reflexes are actions that does not require the involvement of the brain, and occur without concious thought. Ex, removing hand from hot surface. Moving when being tickled.

Define cellular differentiation.

The process by which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific function.

Label the part of the microscope

- revolving nosepiece


- objective lens


- stage


- clips


- diaphragm


- light source


- occular lens


- body tube


- coarse adjustment knob


- fine adjustment knob


- arm


- base

Remember

- prophase


- metaphase


- anaphase


- telophase


Remember

- anus


- intestine


- gizzard


- crop


- mouth


- pharynx


- esophagus

Label the structure of the human digestive system

- mouth


- esophagus


- liver


- stomach


- gall bladder


- pancrease


- large intestine


- small intestine


- rectum


- anus

Label the following

- arteries


- veins


- capillaries


- oxygenated blood


- deoxygenated blood

Label

Remeber

Label

- Nasal cavity


- mouth


- trachea


- bronchi


- lungs


- bronchioles


- alveoli


- ciliated epithelial cells






1) smell2) taste3) touch4) hearing5) vision

Label