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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biology |
The study of life. |
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Bios |
Life |
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ology |
The science of |
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Living organisms have all of the following characteristics... |
Organization Adapt Respond to Environment Reproduce and Develop Acuire materials and energy |
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What is the most basic unit of life? |
The cell |
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Similar cells together form ______ |
Tissues |
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Similar tissues together form _____ |
Organs |
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Organs work together in ______ _________. |
Organ Systems |
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Organ systems form the _____ |
organism |
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Moving up in complexity results in _______ _________. |
Emergent Properties |
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Adaptations are..... |
Genetic behavioral modifications that make organisms better suited for the environment. |
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Respond to the Environment... |
Organisms can alter their physiology behavior based on a changing environment |
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Life is diverse and uniform at what levels? |
Diverse at the organism level and up Uniform at the molecular and cellular levels |
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Diversity is seen in.... |
Adaptations and speciation |
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Uniformity is seen in.... |
the conservative nature |
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What reflects the process of evolution? |
Life's diversity and uniformity |
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Evolution is defined as... |
Decent with modification |
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1974 Earsmus Darwin (British, grandfather of Charles) |
Studied fossils and speculated life had arisen from simple organisms |
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1796 Georges Cuvier (French) |
Compared fossils to current organisms and established 'extinction' as a fact |
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1801 Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck |
Suggested an animal could change itself and pass those changes to offspring |
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1788 James Hutton (Scottish) |
Suggested that the earth is much older based on geology and rock formations than was thought |
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1798- Thomas Malthus |
Unchecked growth leads to competition for food and other resources. The principle of population. |
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1830 Charles Lyell (British) |
expanded on Hutton's idea by proposing that the same gradual geologic processes worked continuously from prehistory until the present day (uniformitarianism) |
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1831 Charles Darwin |
Joined the crew of The Beagle for a 5 year voyage around the world (22 years old) ultimately developing the idea of evolution via natural selection |
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Artificial Selection |
Darwin noted that humans have modified organisms by breeding individuals with desired traits |
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Darwin Observation #1 |
Members of a population vary in their traits |
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Darwin Observation #2 |
Traits are inherited from parents to offspring |
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Darwin Observation #3 |
All species are capable of producing more offspring than the environment can support |
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Darwin Observation #4 |
Owing to lack of food or other resources many of these offspring do not survive |
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Inference #1 |
Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offering than other individuals |
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Inference #2 |
This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will ear to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations |
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Special creation includes ideas that... |
Each species was independent from the others. Species are static and unchanging. |
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Darwin's proposal was..... |
Evolution vs. Natural selection |
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Darwin's proposal includes ideas that.... |
species accumulate differences descendants differ from their ancestors new species arise from existing ones |
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Darwin's contemporary ____ ____ _____ contacted him with similar ideas motivating Darwin to publish. |
Alfred Russell Wallace |
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Darwin is considered the father of evolution for his book _________________________ published in 1859. |
The Origin of Species |
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Darwin concluded that species originate from ___________, but populations change over time in response to their __________. |
Ancestors, Environment |
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Adaptations are... |
Populations which change over time in response to their environment, but originate from ancestors. |
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The process of adaptations is called...... |
Natural Selection |
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"Best Fit" |
the organism that is best able to survive and reproduce in that environment |
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Survival of the fittest doesn't mean survival of the strongest, why? |
Different adaptations/mutations are best fit for certain environments. The environment is always changing. |
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Convergent Evolution |
When similar traits show up in different organisms as a response to the same natural (often severe or continual pressures) |
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Mimicry |
When something evolves to look like something else (camouflage) |
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___________ __________ is the only consistent force in Adaptive Evolution but it is not the only force that can impact a populations survival and reproduction. |
natural selection |
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What is the only force driving for positive fitness? |
Adaptive Evolution |
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What are the five main forces that impact evolution in populations? |
Natural Selection Genetic Drift Gene Flow (migration) Non-random mating Mutation |
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Genetic Drift |
Random fluctuations in allele frequencies over time by CHANCE |
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founder effect |
Found in Genetic Drift few individuals found new population (small allelic pool) |
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bottleneck effect |
Found in Genetic Drift drastic reduction in population, and gene pool size |
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Gene flow (migration) consists of the movement of ______ between populations. |
Alleles (different version of gene)
Alleles can be transferred through the movements of individuals of gametes |
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________ tends to reduce differences between populations and is more likely than mutation to later allele frequencies directly. |
Migration |
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Non-Random mating |
Intentionally selects for traits based on mating preferences as they are the ones that are passed to the next generation |
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What is the ultimate source of genetic variation? |
Mutation (winners vs. losers) |
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What type of selection is not adaptive in most cases? |
Artificial selection (takes organisms beyond their typical phenotypes in nature) Ex: Dachshund |
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Because the environment can change, ______ evolution is a continuous process via ______ ______ |
adaptive; natural selection |
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Does genetic drift and gene flow consistently lead to adaptive evolution? |
No, because they can increase or decrease the fitness between an organism and its environment. |
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Will there ever be perfect organisms? |
can only act on existing variation adaptations are often compromises chance, natural selection, and the environment interact |
