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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Peptide hormones |
-derived from larger precursor polypeptides that are cleaved during postranslational modification -released by exocytosis after being packed into vesicles -charged/can't pass through plasma membrane -triggers second messenger upon binding to receptor -can travel freely in bloodstream without carrier -effects are rapid but short-lives |
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steroid hormones |
-derived from cholesterol -produced primarily by gonads and adrenal cortex -can easily cross cell membrane -receptors usually intracellular or intranuclear -effects are slow but long lived because the cause alterations in amount of mRNA and protein present by direct action on DNA -must be carried by proteins to travel around body (generally inactive while attached) |
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amino acid-derived hormones |
-derived from 1 or 2 amino acids, usually with a few modifications |
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direct hormones |
-secreted and then act directly on a target tissue |
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tropic hormones |
-require an intermediary to act -work by causing the release of another hormone at the organ level -usually originate in the brain and anterior pituitary gland |
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glucocorticoids |
-steroid hormones that regulate glucose levels and affect protein metabolism -glucocorticoid release is under the control of (ACTH) |
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mineralcorticioids |
-used in salt and water homeostasis -most profound effects are on the kidneys |
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glucagon |
-secreted during times of fasting (low glucose) -stimulates the degradation of protein and fat, conversion of glycogen to glucose, and production of new glucose via gluconogenesis -release is inhibited when blood glucose is high |
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insulin |
-antagonistic to glucagon (secreted when blood glucose is high) -induces muscle and liver cells to take up glucose and store it as glycogen for later use -stimulates anabolic processes such as fat and protein synthesis |
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Type I diabetes |
-autoimmune destruction of the B-cells of the pancreas (which produce insulin) -patients require regular injections of insulin |
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Type II diabetes |
-result of receptor-level resistance to the effects of insulin -partially inherited, partially due to environmental factors |
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somatostatin |
-inhibitor of both insulin and glucagon secretion |
