Biology : 5 : Carbohydrates & Digestion

Front 1

What elements are found in carbohydrates

Back 1

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

Front 2

What monomers are lactose, maltose and sucrose made of?

Back 2

Monosaccharides

(They are disaccharides)

Front 3

What monomers are lactose, maltose and sucrose?

Back 3

Disaccharides

Front 4

What is a single carbohydrate molecule known as?

Back 4

Monosaccharides

Front 5

There are two forms of glucose. What are they and how are they different?

Back 5

Alpha glucose and Beta glucose

• Differ in position of the H and OH groups on carbon-1

Front 6

There are two forms of glucose. What are they and how are they different?

Back 6

Alpha glucose and Beta glucose

• Differ in position of the H and OH groups on carbon-1

Front 7

Name 3 polysaccharides

Back 7

Cellulose, starch and glycogen

Front 8

There are two forms of glucose. What are they and how are they different?

Back 8

Alpha glucose and Beta glucose

• Differ in position of the H and OH groups on carbon-1

Front 9

Name 3 polysaccharides

Back 9

Cellulose, starch and glycogen

Front 10

What type of glucose is cellulose made from?

Back 10

Beta glucose

Front 11

There are two forms of glucose. What are they and how are they different?

Back 11

Alpha glucose and Beta glucose

• Differ in position of the H and OH groups on carbon-1

Front 12

Name 3 polysaccharides

Back 12

Cellulose, starch and glycogen

Front 13

What type of glucose is cellulose made from?

Back 13

Beta glucose

Front 14

What type of glucose is starch made from?

Back 14

Alpha glucose

Front 15

There are two forms of glucose. What are they and how are they different?

Back 15

Alpha glucose and Beta glucose

• Differ in position of the H and OH groups on carbon-1

Front 16

Name 3 polysaccharides

Back 16

Cellulose, starch and glycogen

Front 17

What type of glucose is cellulose made from?

Back 17

Beta glucose

Front 18

What type of glucose is starch made from?

Back 18

Alpha glucose

Front 19

What type of glucose is glycogen made from?

Back 19

Alpha glucose

Front 20

There are two forms of glucose. What are they and how are they different?

Back 20

Alpha glucose and Beta glucose

• Differ in position of the H and OH groups on carbon-1

Front 21

Name 3 polysaccharides

Back 21

Cellulose, starch and glycogen

Front 22

What type of glucose is cellulose made from?

Back 22

Beta glucose

Front 23

What type of glucose is starch made from?

Back 23

Alpha glucose

Front 24

What type of glucose is glycogen made from?

Back 24

Alpha glucose

Front 25

What is the generic formula for a monosaccharide?

Back 25

C6 H12 O6

Front 26

There are two forms of glucose. What are they and how are they different?

Back 26

Alpha glucose and Beta glucose

• Differ in position of the H and OH groups on carbon-1

Front 27

Name 3 polysaccharides

Back 27

Cellulose, starch and glycogen

Front 28

What type of glucose is cellulose made from?

Back 28

Beta glucose

Front 29

What type of glucose is starch made from?

Back 29

Alpha glucose

Front 30

What type of glucose is glycogen made from?

Back 30

Alpha glucose

Front 31

What is the generic formula for a monosaccharide?

Back 31

C6 H12 O6

Front 32

Name 3 monosaccharides

Back 32

Glucose, fructose and galactose

Front 33

There are two forms of glucose. What are they and how are they different?

Back 33

Alpha glucose and Beta glucose

• Differ in position of the H and OH groups on carbon-1

Front 34

Name 3 polysaccharides

Back 34

Cellulose, starch and glycogen

Front 35

What type of glucose is cellulose made from?

Back 35

Beta glucose

Front 36

What type of glucose is starch made from?

Back 36

Alpha glucose

Front 37

What type of glucose is glycogen made from?

Back 37

Alpha glucose

Front 38

What is the generic formula for a monosaccharide?

Back 38

C6 H12 O6

Front 39

Name 3 monosaccharides

Back 39

Glucose, fructose and galactose

Front 40

Cellulose

Where is it found?

What is its function?

Back 40

Plant cells

What cell walls are made from

Front 41

There are two forms of glucose. What are they and how are they different?

Back 41

Alpha glucose and Beta glucose

• Differ in position of the H and OH groups on carbon-1

Front 42

Name 3 polysaccharides

Back 42

Cellulose, starch and glycogen

Front 43

What type of glucose is cellulose made from?

Back 43

Beta glucose

Front 44

What type of glucose is starch made from?

Back 44

Alpha glucose

Front 45

What type of glucose is glycogen made from?

Back 45

Alpha glucose

Front 46

What is the generic formula for a monosaccharide?

Back 46

C6 H12 O6

Front 47

Name 3 monosaccharides

Back 47

Glucose, fructose and galactose

Front 48

Cellulose

Where is it found?

What is its function?

Back 48

Plant cells

What cell walls are made from

Front 49

Starch

Where is it found?

What is its function?

Back 49

Plants

Storage molecule

Front 50

There are two forms of glucose. What are they and how are they different?

Back 50

Alpha glucose and Beta glucose

• Differ in position of the H and OH groups on carbon-1

Front 51

Name 3 polysaccharides

Back 51

Cellulose, starch and glycogen

Front 52

What type of glucose is cellulose made from?

Back 52

Beta glucose

Front 53

What type of glucose is starch made from?

Back 53

Alpha glucose

Front 54

What type of glucose is glycogen made from?

Back 54

Alpha glucose

Front 55

What is the generic formula for a monosaccharide?

Back 55

C6 H12 O6

Front 56

Name 3 monosaccharides

Back 56

Glucose, fructose and galactose

Front 57

Cellulose

Where is it found?

What is its function?

Back 57

Plant cells

What cell walls are made from

Front 58

Starch

Where is it found?

What is its function?

Back 58

Plants

Storage molecule

Front 59

Glycogen

Where is it found?

What is its function?

Back 59

Animals

Storage molecule

Front 60

Draw a detailed diagram to show the gross structure of the human digestive system

Back 60

Front 61

Three types of carbohydrates

Back 61

Glucose, fructose and galactose

Front 62

Three types of carbohydrates

Back 62

Glucose, fructose and galactose

Front 63

Monomer units which carbohydrates are composed?

Back 63

Monosaccharides

Front 64

Three types of carbohydrates

Back 64

Glucose, fructose and galactose

Front 65

Monomer units which carbohydrates are composed?

Back 65

Monosaccharides

Front 66

Draw the structure of alpha glucose

Back 66

Back (Definition)

Front 67

Three types of carbohydrates

Back 67

Glucose, fructose and galactose

Front 68

Monomer units which carbohydrates are composed?

Back 68

Monosaccharides

Front 69

Draw the structure of alpha glucose

Back 69

Back (Definition)

Front 70

Draw a basic structure of beta glucose

Back 70

Back (Definition)

Front 71

Three types of carbohydrates

Back 71

Glucose, fructose and galactose

Front 72

Give the chemical equation for a hydrolysis reaction

Back 72

C12H22011 + H2O ---> C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

Front 73

Draw the structure of alpha glucose

Back 73

Front 74

Draw a basic structure of beta glucose

Back 74

Front 75

Draw the basic structure of alpha glucose

Back 75

Front 76

Draw the structure of beta glucose

Back 76

Front 77

Draw a diagram to show how two alpha glucose are joined by a condensation reaction

Back 77

Front 78

Draw the structure of fructose

Front 79

Structure of cellulose

Back 79

•Beta glucose molecules join together through condensation reactions to form long straight chains

• every other beta glucose molecules rotates 180 degrees to allow OH groups on carbon 1 and 4 to be adjacent to each other to form a glycosidic bond

•several chains of cellulose are joined together in layers; these chains are held together by the formation of hydrogen bonds formed between OH groups

•Hundreds of these chains are then held together by hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils

•microfibrils form hydrogen bonds between other microfibrils and together form a cellulose fibre

•cellulose fibres are woven to form cellulose cell wall

•the large numbers of hydrogen bonds in the structure makes it extremely strong

Front 80

Structure of starch

Back 80

•Important characteristic of starch = insoluble

-does it affect osmosis (presence of starch on solution will not lower water potential causing unwanted movement of water)

-does not diffuse

Starch comes in two forms Amylase and Amylopectin

Front 81

Amylose

Back 81

•Long and straight chains of alpha glucose which coil into a helix

•Carbon 1:4

•this structure is compact so is good for storage

Front 82

Monomer units which carbohydrates are composed?

Back 82

Monosaccharides

Front 83

Amylopectin

Back 83

•Branched chain of alpha glucose molecules

•Carbon 1:4 and carbon 1:6 links

•This provides a large surface area for rapid hydrolysis of enzymes

Front 84

Structure of glycogen

Back 84

Similar to starch however:

-storter chains

-more highly branched

-larger surface area

•stored in muscles and liver

•more short chains lead to glycogen being more readily hydrolysed into glucose

•Like starch, glycogen is insoluble so does so does not affect water potential or diffuse out of cells

Front 85

Test for carbohydrates

Reducing sugar

Back 85

1. Add Benedicts solution to sample

2. Heat to 95 degrees (C)

3. Colour change: blue--> green/yellow/orange/red (presence of reducing sugar)

4.No change = there could be a non-reducing sugar present

Front 86

Draw the structure of galactose

Back 86

Front 87

Draw the structure of fructose

Back 87

Front 88

Give the name of a non-reducing sugat

Back 88

Sucrose

Front 89

Draw the structure of alpha glucose

Front 90

Draw a basic structure of beta glucose

Front 91

Draw the basic structure of alpha glucose

Front 92

Draw the structure of beta glucose

Front 93

Draw a diagram to show how two alpha glucose are joined by a condensation reaction

Front 94

What happens during a condensation reaction?

Back 94

•two monosaccharides join together. This forms a disaccharide

•the reaction occurs between the OH groups on carbon 4 of one of the monosaccharide and carbon 1 on the other monosaccharides

•the reaction produces one molecule of H2O

•the bond which forms between the two monosaccharides is called a glycosidic bond

Front 95

What is molecule is produced in a condensation reaction?

Back 95

H2O

Front 96

Chemical equation for a condensation reaction

Back 96

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ----> C12H22O11 + H2O