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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Selective Permeability
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Some things cross membrane easier than others
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Amphipathic
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Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
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Fluid Mosaic Model
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Membrane is fluid with proteins throughout
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Phospholipids movement
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Move laterally
Rarely flip-flop |
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Cool temperature membranes
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Turn solid
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Membranes need to work properly
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Need to be fluid
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Unsaturated fatty acids
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More fluid
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Saturated fatty acids
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Less fluid
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Cholesterol
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Steroid that helps regulate fluidity
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Peripheral proteins
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Bound to membrane
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Integral Proteins
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Penetrate the membrane
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Transmembrane proteins
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Span across the membrane
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Permeability of lipids and sugars
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Lipids are hydrophobic and cross easily
Sugars are hydrophilic and don't cross easily |
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Channel Proteins
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Transport proteins with hydrophilic channel
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Aquaporins
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Channel proteins for water
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Carrier protein
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Transport proteins bind to molecules, change shape, and ship across the membrane
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Diffusion
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Wants to move to available space
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Concentration Gradient
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Move from higher to lower concentration
No energy needed |
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Osmosis
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Diffusion of water
Lower to higher concentration |
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Tonicity
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Ability to lose or gain water
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Isotonic
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Even solute concentration
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Hypertonic
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Cell loses water
Higher concentration than inside cell |
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Hypotonic
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Lower concentration inside the cell
Cell gains water |
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1. Tonicity?
2. Out of cell? 3. Into cell? 4. Water movement? |
Hypotonic
Glucose out of cell Water moves into cell |
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1. Tonicity?
2. Out of cell? 3. Into cell? 4. Water movement? |
Hypertonic
Water moves out of the cell |
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1. Tonicity?
2. Out of cell? 3. Into cell? 4. Water movement? |
Isotonic
Glucose moves out Fructose moves in |
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1. Tonicity?
2. Out of cell? 3. Into cell? 4. Water movement? |
Hypertonic
Water moves out of cell |
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1. Tonicity?
2. Out of cell? 3. Into cell? 4. Water movement? |
Isotonic
Glucose moves out of cell |
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Tonicity of side A?
Water movement? |
Isotonic water doesnt move
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Tonicity of side A?
Water Movement? |
Hypotonic
A-B |
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Tonicity of side A?
Water Movement? |
Hypertonic
B-A |
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Tonicity of side A?
Water Movement? |
Isotonic
Equal |
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Tonicity of side A?
Water Movement? |
Hypertonic
B-A |
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Tonicity of side A?
Water Movement? |
Hypotonic
A-B |
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Osmoregulation
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Control of water balance
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If animal cell gains too much water
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It bursts
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If animal cell loses too much water
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Shrivels up
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If plant cell gains too much water
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Normal, turgid
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If plant cell is isotonic
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It is flaccid
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If plant cell loses too much water
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Plasmolysis
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Plasmolysis
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Membrane go's away from cell wall
Results in death of plant |
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Facilitated diffusion
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Speeds the movement of molecules across membrane
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Active transport
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Moves against concentration gradient
Needs energy |
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Bulk transport
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Uses vesicles to go through membrane
Needs energy |
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Exocytosis
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Vesicles bind to membrane and release contents inside
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Types of endocytosis
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Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis Receptor mediated |
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Endocytosis function
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Forms vesicles from the membrane
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Phagocytosis
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Engulfs particles in a vacuole
Vacuole goes to lysosome to digest |
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Pinocytosis
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Extracellular fluid is taken in to create vesicles
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How to set up Net Reaction
A ➡️ B ➡️ C ➡️ D |
Line them up and cancel out duplicates
A ➡️ B Cancel out B and C B ➡️ C Left with A ➡️ D C ➡️ D |
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Catabolism
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Metabolic pathway that releases energy
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Anabolic
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Metabolic pathway that absorbs energy
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Kinetic Energy
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Energy with movement
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Potential energy
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Energy based on structure or location
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Regeneration of ATP
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ATP + Water = ADP
ADP + Phosphate =ATP |
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Enzymes end in
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-ase
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Enzymes
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Speed up reaction
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Denaturation
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Protein unfolds
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Denaturation needs
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Heat, acid, or salt
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Cycle of Enzyme
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1. Enzyme takes in substrate
2. Add water to break bond 3. Release products |
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Active site
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Where substrates enter enzyme
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Enzyme substrate complex
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Before water is added
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Eā
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Energy needed for reaction
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Enzymes and Eā
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Enzymes lower the Eā, which speeds reaction
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Relocating electrons
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Energy is released
That energy is used to make ATP |
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Oxidation and Reduction
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LEO the lion says GER
Lose electron oxidation Gain electron reduction |
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How does NAD+ turn to NAPH
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Reduction
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How does NADH turn to NAP+
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Oxidation
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Cofactors
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Nonprotein that binds to enzyme
Necessary for activity |
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Coenzymes
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Organic cofactors
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H+
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Hydronium ion
Proton |
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Acid
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Below 7 pH
Increases H+ |
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Base
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Decreases H+
Higher than 7 pH |
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pH
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Each number category is 10x the next
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Net Balanced Equation
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Glucose + 6 Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide oxygen and energy evened up
C6 H12 O6 + 6(O2) = 6(CO2) + 6(H2O) + energy |
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Six major functions of a protein
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1. Transport
2. Enzymatic 3. Cell - Cell Recognition 4. Signal Transduction 5. Intercellular joining 6. Attachment |
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Transport
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Transports molecules across the membrane
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Enzymatic
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Enzymes are located in the membrane
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Signal transduction
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Signaling molecule bonds to outside
Protein changes shape and releases something |
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Intercellular joining
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Forms cytoplasmic connection between cells
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Cell - Cell Recognition
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Glycoproteins determine wether or not it is self or foreign
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Attachment
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Attaches to cytoskeleton (outside) and ECM (inside)
To maintain shape or transmit pressure signals |
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Cell Cycle
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Interphase
Mitosis Cytokinesis |
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PMAT
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Prophase
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
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Interphase
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90% of cell cycle
G1 S G2 |
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G1
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Cytoplasm grows and new organelles are made
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S
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DNA Replicates
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G2
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Prepares for nuclear division and cytoplasm grows more
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Chromatin
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Thin and stringy
In this form during interphase |
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Centromere
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Where sister chromatids are attached
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Kinetochore
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Where microtubules attach to centromere
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Prophase
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Sister chromatids condense
Nucleoli and membrane disappear Spindle forms Centrioles move to opposite poles in animal cells |
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Metaphase
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Sister chromatids line up in middle
Spindle fibers attach |
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Anaphase
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Seperate into daughter cells
Move toward opposite poles |
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Telophase
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Chromosomes relax and go back to chromatin
Nucleus and Nucleoli reform Spindle disappears |
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Cytokinesis
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Division of Cytoplasm
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Cytokinesis in plants
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Cell plate forms
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Cytokinesis in animals
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Cleavage
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Functions of cell cycle
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Growth
Tissue Renewal Asexual Reproduction |
