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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Taxonomy
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Branch of biology that names and groups organisms by their characteristics and evolutionary history.
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Who was the first to classify organisms?
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Aristotle
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Why are common names not good to use when classifying organisms? and give an example.
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Common names vary in different locations and common names may not dexcribe species accurately. Ex. Jellyfish is not a fish.
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Explain Linnaeus's 2-word naming system.
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First part of name is Genus the second part is the species identifyer (descriptive word)
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What is Linnaeus's naming system called?q
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Binomial Nomenclature
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What do modern taxonomist use to classify organisms?q
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Phylogency
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What is phylogency?
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Evolutionary history of organism
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Cell compnent that carries on a specific job for the cell.
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Organelles
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Packages materials such as proteins made by the cell
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Golgi apparatus
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make up membrane of cell
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Phospholipids
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control center of cell where DNA is found
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nucleus
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where proteins are made in all cells
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ribosomes
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states all living things are made of cells.
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cell theory
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cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
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eukaryote
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structure around outsice of the sell membrane in plants for support and protection
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cell wall
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made of microfilaments and microtubules in the sytoplasm for support
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cytoskeleton
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smallest part of an organism that can carry on all life processes
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cell
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powerhouses of a cell where ATP (energy) is generated
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mitochondria
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store enzymes and waste products in cell
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vacuole
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digests material within the cell
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lysosome
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short hairlike structures around the outside of cell for movement
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cilia
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system of canals inside a cell
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endoplasmic reticulum
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where photosynthesis occurs
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chloroplast
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first to view cork cells with a simple microscope
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Robert Hooke
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cells lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
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prokaryote
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What transport system requires the use of energy by the cell to transport molecules against the concentration gratient? (low to high)?
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active transport
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what molecule is the waste product of photosynthesis?
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Oxygen
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Order of the levels of organization in multicellular organism is
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cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
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light reactions of photosynthesis (first set of reactions) occurs in the ____.
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thylakoid membrane
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corn and sugar cane are examples of plants that grow best in warm, moist climates due to their ability to keep their stomata closed during day w/o disrupting calvin cycle. what type of plants are these?
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C4
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Formula for photosynthesis
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6CO2 + 6H2O (arrow to right) C6H12O6 + 6CO2
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type of transport that doesnt require energy but uses proteins to move substances from high to low concentrations is called ____
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facilitated diffusion
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which of the following is an example of passive transport?
sodium-potassium pump pinocytosis exocytosis facilitated diffusion |
facilitated diffusion
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small pores found on underside of leaves where water loss can occur and the exchange of gasses is called___
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stomata
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which of the following substance cannot easily pass throuth the cell membrane?
oxygen water nitrogen carbon dioxide |
nitrogen
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autotrophs use the gas, _____, to produce the gas, _____
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carbon dioxide, oxygen
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______plants such as cacti, grow best in hot dry climates. They close their stomata during day and open at night to conserve______.
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CAM, water
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type of tissue with the function to unite parts is called
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connective
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unicellular paramecium use contractile vacuoles to get rid of excess water similar to a sump pump used in flooded basements. what type of transport is this?
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active transport
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the Calvin cycle takes place in the _______ of the chloroplast
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stroma
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cell membrane is "selectively permeable" what does that mean?
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It only lets certain things in and out of the cell
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at equilibrium, what happens to the random movement of molecules? what happens to the net movement of molecules in any particular direction
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the random movement continues...net movement is zero
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wat is the difference between pinocytosis and phagocytosis. what do they have in common?
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pinocytosis transports small things like fluids, phagocytosis transports larger things like molecules and solids into cell. alike...both are endocytosis
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why plants appear green to us? why do leaves turn colors in the fall?
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green wavelength is reflected to our eyes. chlorophyll production is greatly reduced and leaves have other pigments that start to show. (carotenoids)
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wat is difference in chromosomes and chromatin?
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chromosomes_coiled and are during division
Chromatin - uncoiled not shown during division |
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hypotonic
hypertonic isotonic |
hypo, big bloated about to burst, arrows going into it
hyper. shrivled like rasin arrows going out of it. iso. equal going in and out so its a regular cell |
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how do phagocytes protect cells and body
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they surround bacteria and take it to lysosomes to digest and get rid of
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parts of chloroplast
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thylakoid-each disk like thing
granum-stack of disks (thylakoids) Stroma-area around thy and granum |
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anaerobic and aerobic respiration bigin with ______
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glycolysis
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maximum # of ATP formed during cellular respiration is ___
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38
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correct order of processis in cellular respiration is
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glycolysis, krebs cycle, ETC
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end product of glycolysis is 2 molecules of ____
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pyruvate
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by accepting electrons ,the oxygen used turns into
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water
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net number of ATP molecules made directly by glycolysis is ___
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2
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before krebs cyclecan proceed, pyruvate must be converted into_____
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acetyl CoA
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what molecule determines whether the pyruvate will undergo fermentation of be converted for entry into the krebs cycle?
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oxygen
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ETC takes place in the ____
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cristae
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yeast is used to form bread during ________
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alcoholic fermentation
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wat is not part of mitosis?
prophase telophase metaphase interphase |
interphase
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division of cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell is called
mitosis cytokinesis binary fission karyokinesis |
cytokinesis
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human egg/sperm cell is ____ but when they unite fertilized egg is _____
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haploid, diploid
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uncoiled genetic material in nucleus during nondivisional phases of cell cycle is _______
chromatid chromosome chromatin centrioles |
chromatin
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sex cells are called
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gametes
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the diploid (2n) number of chromosomes for humans is ____
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46
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process of making duplicate copuy of DNA molecule is called _________
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Replication
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wat is the order of phases of mitosis?
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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cell cycles two main stages are called______
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mitosis and interphase
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karyokinesis is another term for what?
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mitosis
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when mitosis is done what must occur before cell division is complete?
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cytokinesis
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DNA replication occurs during ______
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interphase
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what type of cells result after meiosis
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4 genetically different cells
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cell w/ 24 chromosomes begins mitosis. at end of process there are ______
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2 daughter cells each with 24 chromosomes
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wat part of cell es actually dividing during mitosis?
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nucleus
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DNA is is tightly coiled around what kind of proteins?
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histone
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constricted area that holds chromatids together is called
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centromere
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tightly coiled DNA thatc can be seen when a cells is dividing is called a _____
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chromosome
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when a sperm fertilizes an egg, the new cell forms a ______
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zygote
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______reduces the chromosome # by half while ______ resotes it.
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meiosis, fertilization
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Number of divisions
# of daughter cells genetically identical chromosome # where occurs when occurs role |
Mitosis Meiosis
1 2 2 4 yes no same as parent 1/2 of parent body cells gametes sex cells thru life sexual maturity growth repair reproduction |
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genes are alike for a trait
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homozygous
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genes are diff for a trait
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heterozygous
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physical/visible characteristics
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phenotype
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weaker trait
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recessive
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factors of heredity, found in pairs, section of DNA
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genes
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study of heredity
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genetics
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sudden change in gene or chromosome
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mutation
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carries code for protein to ribosome
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RNA
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genes are neither dominant or recessive
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incomplete dominance
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stronger trait
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dominant
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spital-shaped structure
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DNA
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rod-shaped structure
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chromosomes
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different forms of a gene
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alleles
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actual gene pair
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genotype
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make complimentary base pairs
T C C A T G C G A T |
A G G T A C G C T A
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SET OF 3 BASES THAT DETERMINE SPECIFIC AMINO ACID FOUND ON mRNA IS ______
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codon
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class of 20 molecules that combine to make proteins is called
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Amino acids
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in base pair, adenine always goes with______
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thymine
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3 parts of nucleotide ______,______, and ______
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sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
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sequence of 3 DNA nucleotides is ______
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triplet
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4 nitrogen bases
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adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
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process of tRNA assembling amino acids into proteins at the ribosome according to the instructions carried by mRNA is called ______
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translation
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sequence of 3 tRNA bases on tRNA is called ______
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anticodon
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______is process of copying DNA code onto a strand of mRNA
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Transcription
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sugar
strand location nitrogen base |
DNA RNA
deoxyribose ribose 2 1 nucleus only cytop and nucl thymine uracil |
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the rails of DNA made of ______and______
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phosphate and sugar
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______is father of genetics and studied ______
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Gregor mendel, genetics
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______ identified DNA as spiral shaped structure called double helix
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watson and crick
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______took x-ray pics of DNA to determine actual shape
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Franklin
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______is a scientist who studies genetic inheritance
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genetisist
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______is chart to show possible gene combos in a cross between 2 organisms
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punnett square
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female genotype is _____and male genotype is ______
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XX, XY
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