Biology 4.3 Species And Evolution

Front 1

biodiversity

Back 1

the number and variety of different organisms found in a particular area

Hint 1

生物多样性

Front 2

genus

Back 2

group of similar species

Hint 2

属

Front 3

species

Back 3

group of closely related organisms that are all potentially capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring

Hint 3

种

Front 4

morphology

Back 4

outer and inner appearance of an organism

Hint 4

形态学

Front 5

molecular phylogeny

Back 5

analysis of different chemicals and genes in different organisms to identify interrelationships

Hint 5

分子系统学

Front 6

gene flow

Back 6

the movement of genes by the interbreeding of individuals in different populations

Hint 6

基因流

Front 7

ecological species

Back 7

definition of species based on the ecological niche occupied by the organisms

Hint 7

生态物种

Front 8

recognition species

Back 8

species definition based on unique fertilisation systems, including behavior patterns in animals

Hint 8

识别物种

Front 9

molecular phylogeny

Back 9

analysis of different chemicals and genes in different organisms to identify interrelationships

Hint 9

分子系统学

Front 10

echinoderms

Back 10

棘皮动物

Front 11

annelid worms

Back 11

环节动物蠕虫

Front 12

molluscs

Back 12

软体动物

Front 13

arthropods

Back 13

节肢动物

Front 14

phosphagens

Back 14

磷酸原

Front 15

phosphocreatine

Back 15

磷酸肌酸

Front 16

phosphoarginine

Back 16

磷酸精氨酸

Front 17

polychaete worms

Back 17

多毛类蠕虫

Front 18

chlorocruorin

Back 18

血绿蛋白

Front 19

crustaceans

Back 19

甲壳类动物

Front 20

haemocyanin

Back 20

血蓝蛋白

Front 21

phylum

Back 21

动物门

Front 22

endosymbionts

Back 22

内生

Front 23

archaea

Back 23

古

Front 24

adamant

Back 24

坚定的

Front 25

ecology

Back 25

the study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment.

Hint 25

生态

Front 26

ecological niche

Back 26

the role of an organism within an ecological community

Hint 26

生态位

Front 27

ecosystem

Back 27

environment including all the living organisms interacting, the cycling of nutrients and the physical and chemical environment in which the organisms are living

Hint 27

生态系统

Front 28

habitat

Back 28

place where an organism lives

Hint 28

栖息地

Front 29

deciduous woodland

Back 29

落叶林地

Front 30

microhabitat

Back 30

small area of a larger habitat

Hint 30

微生境

Front 31

community

Back 31

all of the populations of living organisms which live in habitat at any one time

Hint 31

社区

Front 32

population

Back 32

group of organisms of the same species, living and breeding together in a particular niche in a habitat

Hint 32

总体

Front 33

three-spined sticklebacks

Back 33

刺鱼

Front 34

skin mites

Back 34

皮肤螨虫

Front 35

plankton

Back 35

浮游生物

Front 36

anatomical adaptation

Back 36

adaptation of the anatomy of an animal or plant to conditions

Hint 36

解剖适应

Front 37

physiological adaptation

Back 37

adaptations of the biochemistry or physiology of an organism to the environment in which it lives

Hint 37

生理适应

Front 38

bradycardia

Back 38

心动过缓

Front 39

behavioural adaptation

Back 39

an adaptation of the behaviour of an animal which gives it a selective advantage

Hint 39

行为适应

Front 40

reptiles

Back 40

爬行动物

Front 41

cormorants

Back 41

鸬鹚

Front 42

evolution

Back 42

the process by which species of living organisms undergo permanant change as a result of natural selection in response to a change in their environment

Hint 42

进化

Front 43

morphological level

Back 43

形态水平

Front 44

gene pool

Back 44

all the different versions of genes (alleles) found in a population

Hint 44

基因库

Front 45

founder effect

Back 45

process by which any unusual alleles become relatively common in a population if only a small number of individuals set up a population and one of the founder members has that unusual allele

Hint 45

创始人的影响

Front 46

natural selection

Back 46

process by which the organisms best suited to a particular environment are most likely to survive and pass on their advantageous genetic characteristics to their offspring

Hint 46

自然选择

Front 47

selection pressure

Back 47

changes in an environment that mean that certain characteristics will give an organism an advantage

Hint 47

选择压力

Front 48

directional selection

Back 48

a change from one phenotype to another which is more advantageous under the circumstances

Hint 48

定向选择

Front 49

diversifying selection

Back 49

a form of natural selection which results in increased genetic diversity of a population

Hint 49

多样化的选择

Front 50

balancing selection

Back 50

a form of natural selection that maintains a disadvantageous allele in a population because of benifit to the heterozygote

Hint 50

平衡的选择

Front 51

heterozygote advantage

Back 51

when the heterozygous state for a particular gene gives advantages to the individual

Hint 51

杂合子优势

Front 52

heterozygote advantage/hybrid vigour

Back 52

when the heterozygous state for a particular gene gives advantages to the individual

Hint 52

杂合子优势/杂种优势

Front 53

industrial melanism

Back 53

changes in the colouration of a population as a response to environmental changes resulting from industrial activity

Hint 53

工业黑化

Front 54

sexual selection

Back 54

selection for features that give reproductive success

Hint 54

性选择

Front 55

mane of lion

Back 55

狮子鬃毛

Front 56

antlers of a stag

Back 56

鹿的鹿角

Front 57

geographical isolation

Back 57

a physical barrier, eg a river or mountain range, that separates individuals and prevents breeding

Hint 57

地理隔离

Front 58

ecological isolation

Back 58

breeding isolation when two populations inhabit the same region but develop preferences for different parts of the habitat

Hint 58

生态隔离

Front 59

seasonal isolation

Back 59

when the timing of reproductive fertility varies in different parts of a population, making reproduction between the two groups impossible

Hint 59

季节隔离

Front 60

behavioural isolation

Back 60

reproductive isolation resulting from changes in the courtship ritual, display or mating pattern

Hint 60

行为隔离

Front 61

mechanical isolation

Back 61

reproductive isolation caused by anatomical changes in an animal or plant as a result of mutation which make reproduction impossible

Hint 61

机械隔离

Front 62

allopatric speciation

Back 62

speciation that results when populations are physically seperated in some way

Hint 62

异域

Front 63

sympatric speciation

Back 63

speciation that takes place in spite of the fact that two populations remain physically close to each other

Hint 63

同域物种

Front 64

endemism

Back 64

species which only occur in a very specific small area such as an island, they are unique to the area

Hint 64

特有物种

Front 65

endemic

Back 65

a species which is unique to an area

Hint 65

特有

Front 66

marsupial

Back 66

mammal that gives birth to very immature young which then complete their development in a pouch

Hint 66

有袋类

Front 67

monotreme

Back 67

egg-laying mammals

Hint 67

单孔类动物

Front 68

placental mammal

Back 68

mammal in which the young develop inside the uterus of the mother with their needs met through the placenta, after birth they are fed on milk made in the mammary glands

Hint 68

胎盘哺乳动物