Biology

Front 1

The human eye has about 6 million _____________ cells.

Back 1

cone

Front 2

The area of the eye responsible for the central and sharpest vision is known as the

Back 2

fovea

Front 3

The main function of the _______________ is to support the eye

Back 3

(vitreous humor)

Front 4

The development of cone cells allowed for organisms to acquire better information during the _____________ hours

Back 4

sunlight or daylight

Front 5

Most nocturnal animals lack ______________ vision because there is no need for it at night

Back 5

color

Front 6

Images that come from our eyes are nothing more than a set of ____________

Back 6

dots

Front 7

To obtain a sharp image within the entire visual field our eyes constantly ____________ the entire image

Back 7

scan

Front 8

The inner layer of the cortex is called ______________ because of its light colored
appearance

Back 8

white matter

Front 9

The _____________cortex is where the sight information is processed

Back 9

visual

Front 10

The brain is able to filter out visual information through a process called

Back 10

subliminal perception

Front 11

People who suffer from blind sight have lost the ability to process

Back 11

incoming visual data

Front 12

_____ can occur because there are separate pathways in the brain used for visual perception

Back 12

blind sight

Front 13

Visual neglect is a neurological disorder where patients have difficulty in visualizing objects in their visual fields because the ______________ lobe of the brain has been damaged

Back 13

parietal)

Front 14

______________ syndrome is a psychiatric disorder in which the affected person imagines that someone close to them has been replaced by an imposter

Back 14

capgras'

Front 15

Perceptions can be influenced by our _________________ state and ______________ condition.

Back 15

psychological; physical

Front 16

To recall a list of unrelated items some people use a _____________ to create an association between the meaningful and meaningless information

Back 16

mneumonic device

Front 17

________ memory is a type of declarative memory that uses sensation and emotion, which is usually a more effective than semantic memory.

Back 17

episodic

Front 18

Short term memory lasts ______________ while long term memory can last ____________

Back 18

minutes to days; months to years

Front 19

An increase in the firing rate and magnitude of cortical neurons is otherwise known as

Back 19

LTP

Front 20

Storage of long tem memory is based upon a distribution model where information about an object is stored in different regions of the _______________

Back 20

cortex

Front 21

Veteran taxi cab drivers in London have an larger ________________ than drivers just starting out

Back 21

hippocampus

Front 22

________ memory, a type of declarative memory, is generally more important for academic success, whereas: __________ memory is strongly associated with creativity

Back 22

semantic; episodic

Front 23

The _________________ region of the brain is important for procedural memory and when neurons within this brain region die as a result of Parkinson’s disease.

Back 23

basal ganglia

Front 24

The _____________ is involved in visual/spatial memory and recent studies have demonstrated that this brain region can actually grow depending upon usage

Back 24

hippocampus

Front 25

Elephants are well-known for their memory capabilities and can locate waterholes several hundred miles away with complete accuracy, which demonstrates their _______________memory

Back 25

visual/spatial

Front 26

Dr. Egas Moniz in 1936 developed a procedure to treat severe mental illness, known as ______________, where he removed a significant portion of the frontal lobe

Back 26

lobotomy

Front 27

Development of the ___________ lobe is the last step in human brain development, where the neural circuitry is not fully formed until adulthood

Back 27

frontal lobe

Front 28

The human brain is ____________ by nature, suggesting that it evolved by adding onto existing parts of animal brains over millions of years

Back 28

modular

Front 29

Long-term memory is stored in the _____________

Back 29

cerebral cortex

Front 30

After witnessing the inhuman treatment of the mentally ill, _____________, a school teacher, was instrumental in lobbying congress to construct federal and state mental hospitals

Back 30

dorothea dix

Front 31

____________ therapy, where an electrical current is passed through the brain and acts as a reset mechanism, is still used today to treat mental patients who fail to respond to all other treatments

Back 31

electoconvulsion

Front 32

In the 1950’s, _________________ therapy was used to induce a hypoglycemic state ultimately causing damage to the brain, resulting in behavioral modification

Back 32

insulin shock

Front 33

Mental illnesses are quite diverse, however the basic pathological mechanism is the same, where _______________ become unable to communicate with each other

Back 33

neurons

Front 34

________ is a type of mental illness where the patient suffers from severe mood swings of extreme highs and extreme lows.

Back 34

manic depression

Front 35

____________ has become a last resort for treating people with severe depression

Back 35

ECT

Front 36

During a manic depression low episode, the production of _______________ is deficient

Back 36

serotonin

Front 37

_______ , a class of drugs, were developed to prevent the removal of serotonin in the synapse

Back 37

SSRI's

Front 38

Prozac is an SSRI that is used to treat depression, by preventing the removal of serotonin from the synapse, in turn _____________the concentration of serotonin in the brain

Back 38

increasing

Front 39

____________ therapy, where an electrical current is passed through the brain and acts as a reset mechanism, is still used today to treat mental patients who fail to respond to all other treatments

Back 39

electoconvulsion

Front 40

Manic depression has a ______________ basis, where often times many family members will suffer from this disorder

Back 40

genetic

Front 41

In the 1950’s, _________________ therapy was used to induce a hypoglycemic state ultimately causing damage to the brain, resulting in behavioral modification

Back 41

insulin shock

Front 42

In the early 1900’s Dr. _________________ observed that some of his patients had progressive memory loss before their deaths. For his research into this phenomenon the disorder was accordingly named after him

Back 42

Alzheimers

Front 43

Mental illnesses are quite diverse, however the basic pathological mechanism is the same, where _______________ become unable to communicate with each other

Back 43

neurons

Front 44

Dr. Alzheimer hypothesized that mental illness had a _____________ cause, which was contrary to the prevailing psychiatric theories that mental illness was purely_______

Back 44

physical. psychological

Front 45

________ is a type of mental illness where the patient suffers from severe mood swings of extreme highs and extreme lows.

Back 45

manic depression

Front 46

Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by _______________ loss, which is attributed to cell death in the brain.

Back 46

memory

Front 47

____________ has become a last resort for treating people with severe depression

Back 47

ECT

Front 48

____ Alzheimer’s disease has been linked to a mutation of the APP gene on chromosome 21, where symptoms will usually start to occur before the age of 50

Back 48

early

Front 49

During a manic depression low episode, the production of _______________ is deficient

Back 49

serotonin

Front 50

The brains of Alzheimer’s patients have characteristic _______________ plaques and _____________, which will prevent neural transmission and eventually cause cell death.

Back 50

amyloid; protein fibrils

Front 51

____________ therapy, where an electrical current is passed through the brain and acts as a reset mechanism, is still used today to treat mental patients who fail to respond to all other treatments

Back 51

electoconvulsion

Front 52

_______ , a class of drugs, were developed to prevent the removal of serotonin in the synapse

Back 52

SSRI's

Front 53

In the 1950’s, _________________ therapy was used to induce a hypoglycemic state ultimately causing damage to the brain, resulting in behavioral modification

Back 53

insulin shock

Front 54

Prozac is an SSRI that is used to treat depression, by preventing the removal of serotonin from the synapse, in turn _____________the concentration of serotonin in the brain

Back 54

increasing

Front 55

Mental illnesses are quite diverse, however the basic pathological mechanism is the same, where _______________ become unable to communicate with each other

Back 55

neurons

Front 56

Manic depression has a ______________ basis, where often times many family members will suffer from this disorder

Back 56

genetic

Front 57

Methamphetamine can be produced from ________________, which is a main ingredient in cold medicines

Back 57

pseudophrine

Front 58

In the early 1900’s Dr. _________________ observed that some of his patients had progressive memory loss before their deaths. For his research into this phenomenon the disorder was accordingly named after him

Back 58

Alzheimers

Front 59

________ is a type of mental illness where the patient suffers from severe mood swings of extreme highs and extreme lows.

Back 59

manic depression

Front 60

Dr. Alzheimer hypothesized that mental illness had a _____________ cause, which was contrary to the prevailing psychiatric theories that mental illness was purely_______

Back 60

physical. psychological

Front 61

____________ has become a last resort for treating people with severe depression

Back 61

ECT

Front 62

Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by _______________ loss, which is attributed to cell death in the brain.

Back 62

memory

Front 63

During a manic depression low episode, the production of _______________ is deficient

Back 63

serotonin

Front 64

____ Alzheimer’s disease has been linked to a mutation of the APP gene on chromosome 21, where symptoms will usually start to occur before the age of 50

Back 64

early

Front 65

The brains of Alzheimer’s patients have characteristic _______________ plaques and _____________, which will prevent neural transmission and eventually cause cell death.

Back 65

amyloid; protein fibrils

Front 66

_______ , a class of drugs, were developed to prevent the removal of serotonin in the synapse

Back 66

SSRI's

Front 67

Methamphetamine can be produced from ________________, which is a main ingredient in cold medicines

Back 67

pseudophrine

Front 68

Prozac is an SSRI that is used to treat depression, by preventing the removal of serotonin from the synapse, in turn _____________the concentration of serotonin in the brain

Back 68

increasing

Front 69

Manic depression has a ______________ basis, where often times many family members will suffer from this disorder

Back 69

genetic

Front 70

In the early 1900’s Dr. _________________ observed that some of his patients had progressive memory loss before their deaths. For his research into this phenomenon the disorder was accordingly named after him

Back 70

Alzheimers

Front 71

Dr. Alzheimer hypothesized that mental illness had a _____________ cause, which was contrary to the prevailing psychiatric theories that mental illness was purely_______

Back 71

physical. psychological

Front 72

Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by _______________ loss, which is attributed to cell death in the brain.

Back 72

memory

Front 73

____ Alzheimer’s disease has been linked to a mutation of the APP gene on chromosome 21, where symptoms will usually start to occur before the age of 50

Back 73

early

Front 74

The brains of Alzheimer’s patients have characteristic _______________ plaques and _____________, which will prevent neural transmission and eventually cause cell death.

Back 74

amyloid; protein fibrils

Front 75

Methamphetamine can be produced from ________________, which is a main ingredient in cold medicines

Back 75

pseudophrine

Front 76

____________ therapy, where an electrical current is passed through the brain and acts as a reset mechanism, is still used today to treat mental patients who fail to respond to all other treatments

Back 76

electoconvulsion

Front 77

In the 1950’s, _________________ therapy was used to induce a hypoglycemic state ultimately causing damage to the brain, resulting in behavioral modification

Back 77

insulin shock

Front 78

Mental illnesses are quite diverse, however the basic pathological mechanism is the same, where _______________ become unable to communicate with each other

Back 78

neurons

Front 79

________ is a type of mental illness where the patient suffers from severe mood swings of extreme highs and extreme lows.

Back 79

manic depression

Front 80

____________ has become a last resort for treating people with severe depression

Back 80

ECT

Front 81

During a manic depression low episode, the production of _______________ is deficient

Back 81

serotonin

Front 82

_______ , a class of drugs, were developed to prevent the removal of serotonin in the synapse

Back 82

SSRI's

Front 83

Prozac is an SSRI that is used to treat depression, by preventing the removal of serotonin from the synapse, in turn _____________the concentration of serotonin in the brain

Back 83

increasing

Front 84

Manic depression has a ______________ basis, where often times many family members will suffer from this disorder

Back 84

genetic

Front 85

In the early 1900’s Dr. _________________ observed that some of his patients had progressive memory loss before their deaths. For his research into this phenomenon the disorder was accordingly named after him

Back 85

Alzheimers

Front 86

Dr. Alzheimer hypothesized that mental illness had a _____________ cause, which was contrary to the prevailing psychiatric theories that mental illness was purely_______

Back 86

physical. psychological

Front 87

Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by _______________ loss, which is attributed to cell death in the brain.

Back 87

memory

Front 88

____ Alzheimer’s disease has been linked to a mutation of the APP gene on chromosome 21, where symptoms will usually start to occur before the age of 50

Back 88

early

Front 89

The brains of Alzheimer’s patients have characteristic _______________ plaques and _____________, which will prevent neural transmission and eventually cause cell death.

Back 89

amyloid; protein fibrils

Front 90

Methamphetamine can be produced from ________________, which is a main ingredient in cold medicines

Back 90

pseudophrine

Front 91

____________ therapy, where an electrical current is passed through the brain and acts as a reset mechanism, is still used today to treat mental patients who fail to respond to all other treatments

Back 91

electoconvulsion

Front 92

In the 1950’s, _________________ therapy was used to induce a hypoglycemic state ultimately causing damage to the brain, resulting in behavioral modification

Back 92

insulin shock

Front 93

Mental illnesses are quite diverse, however the basic pathological mechanism is the same, where _______________ become unable to communicate with each other

Back 93

neurons

Front 94

________ is a type of mental illness where the patient suffers from severe mood swings of extreme highs and extreme lows.

Back 94

manic depression

Front 95

____________ has become a last resort for treating people with severe depression

Back 95

ECT

Front 96

During a manic depression low episode, the production of _______________ is deficient

Back 96

serotonin

Front 97

_______ , a class of drugs, were developed to prevent the removal of serotonin in the synapse

Back 97

SSRI's

Front 98

Prozac is an SSRI that is used to treat depression, by preventing the removal of serotonin from the synapse, in turn _____________the concentration of serotonin in the brain

Back 98

increasing

Front 99

Manic depression has a ______________ basis, where often times many family members will suffer from this disorder

Back 99

genetic

Front 100

In the early 1900’s Dr. _________________ observed that some of his patients had progressive memory loss before their deaths. For his research into this phenomenon the disorder was accordingly named after him

Back 100

Alzheimers

Front 101

Dr. Alzheimer hypothesized that mental illness had a _____________ cause, which was contrary to the prevailing psychiatric theories that mental illness was purely_______

Back 101

physical. psychological

Front 102

Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by _______________ loss, which is attributed to cell death in the brain.

Back 102

memory

Front 103

____ Alzheimer’s disease has been linked to a mutation of the APP gene on chromosome 21, where symptoms will usually start to occur before the age of 50

Back 103

early

Front 104

The brains of Alzheimer’s patients have characteristic _______________ plaques and _____________, which will prevent neural transmission and eventually cause cell death.

Back 104

amyloid; protein fibrils

Front 105

Methamphetamine can be produced from ________________, which is a main ingredient in cold medicines

Back 105

pseudophrine

Front 106

Heroin is derived from _____________ and is a widely abused substance around the world

Back 106

opium

Front 107

Researchers realize that to cure and prevent substance abuse, they must first understand how the __________________ mechanism in the brain is responsible for the reinforcing properties of drugs

Back 107

reward

Front 108

Electrical stimulation of the neurons in the _______________ will produce sensations of pleasure, which are similar to those sensations that are elicited by food or sex

Back 108

nucleus accumbens

Front 109

The natural function of endorphins is to ____

Back 109

REDUCE PHYSICAL PAIN

Front 110

__________ and endorphins bind to the same receptors in the brain

Back 110

morphine

Front 111

The most well known function of ______________, a neurotransmitter, is the production of pleasure, which is associated with hunger or sexual desire

Back 111

dopamine

Front 112

The _____________ is the target brain area of both cocaine and amphetamines

Back 112

vta

Front 113

Cocaine and amphetamine both ______________ dopamine levels in the synaptic clefts.

Back 113

increase

Front 114

The neurological process of falling in love takes place primarily in the ________ system of the brain

Back 114

limbic

Front 115

______ is the brain chemical involved with maintaining long term relationships or providing parental care

Back 115

oxytocin

Front 116

The brain slices of the monogamous prairie voles differ from that of their cousin species the montane voles in that the brains of the prairie voles have abundant levels of _____

Back 116

oxytocin

Front 117

Dopamine is important in maintaining motor control and a reduction in dopamine production may result in___

Back 117

parkinson's disease

Front 118

Brain scans of children with ADHD show that there is a _____________ in activity in the neural pathways that are activated by dopamine

Back 118

decrease

Front 119

Methlyphenidate, trade name Ritalin, increases dopamine activity by _____________ the dopamine transporters at the synaptic cleft.

Back 119

blockin

Front 120

Our aggression, feelings of insecurity, resentment and other personality traits are tied to ____________________ thoughts

Back 120

subconscious

Front 121

Our mind is the result of the sum of the _____________ and _______

Back 121

conscious and subconscious

Front 122

When a person becomes excited, dopamine and norepinephrine are released into the synaptic clefts, and ______________ is secreted into the same area to counter the actions of the 2 neurotransmitters

Back 122

When a person becomes excited, dopamine and norepinephrine are released into the synaptic clefts, and ______________ is secreted into the same area to counter the actions of the 2 neurotransmitters

Front 123

If a person’s brain produces _____________ amounts serotonin, the neuronal excitation cannot be controlled.

Back 123

small

Front 124

Prozac or fluoxetine works by blocking the ____

Back 124

serotonin reuptake transporters

Front 125

Patients who suffer clinical depression have a shortage of _____________ in their synaptic clefts.

Back 125

serotonin

Front 126

If you block the uptake of serotonin, the concentration of serotonin in the synapse will ______

Back 126

increase

Front 127

The illegal drug ___________ was made famous in the 1960’s and it causes hallucinations by mimicking the action of serotonin

Back 127

LSD

Front 128

Psilocin, the chemical found in hallucinogenic mushrooms, will enter the _____________ of the brain and bind to serotonin receptors

Back 128

thalamus

Front 129

The ________________ cortex contains a map of the entire body and after a person has undergone amputation of a limb, the region that represents that limb no longer receives any information

Back 129

somatosensory

Front 130

In the case of David Garabedian, it was thought that the insecticide was responsible for his aggressive behavior. The insecticide blocks the enzyme acetylcholinesterase which leads to hyperactivation of the ______________ neurons

Back 130

hypothalamus

Front 131

During an emotional event, the hypothalamus neurons will release _________________ which will in turn initiates the fight or flight response.

Back 131

acetylcholine

Front 132

Sandy, a troubled teen, attacked and stabbed a coworker. Her defense was that she contained too few _______________ receptors in the brain, thus she was unable to control her aggression.

Back 132

progesterone

Front 133

In the condition known as ________________, seizures of any type will repeatedly occur unprovoked

Back 133

epilepsy

Front 134

____ lobe seizures can elicit religious or mystical experiences

Back 134

TEMPORAL

Front 135

Most scientists do not believe that the theory of _________ is wrong, because of the vast substantiating evidence that has been collected over the past 150 years

Back 135

evolution

Front 136

Without a good understanding of ________, it is not possible to become an educated student in biology

Back 136

evolution

Front 137

The mental capacity of __________ seem to be equivalent to that of a 5-year-old human child.

Back 137

orangutans

Front 138

Because Koko (a lowland gorilla) can use______________ to communicate her feelings, thoughts, and desires, we now have unequivocal evidence of the biological continuum between humans and the great apes

Back 138

AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE

Front 139

Evidence have established that approximately _________ years ago, the great apes split into two branches.

Back 139

14 million

Front 140

______ are our closest relatives, and our ancestors have evolved separately to give rise to our present forms

Back 140

chimpanzees

Front 141

Chimpanzee and early human societies were male-dominated, which is also called a _______ society

Back 141

patrilocal

Front 142

One of Jane Goodall’s first discoveries was that chimpanzees can fashion sticks to fish termites out from a termite nest. This observation shook the scientific world, because at that time, it was universally accepted that ______ use was a unique human trait

Back 142

tool

Front 143

In a series of experiments involving the creation of a scale model of a life-sized room, it has been shown that chimpanzees can demonstrate ________ understanding

Back 143

CONCEPTUAL

Front 144

Chimpanzee and human societies use __________ to achieve a single objective, such as hunting for monkeys.

Back 144

cooperation

Front 145

It is estimated that at about 120,000 years ago, the entire population of Homo sapiens had decreased to less than 10,000 individuals which would have led to a decrease in genetic variation. This phenomenon is known as a genetic ____

Back 145

bottleneck

Front 146

Research by Allan Wilson and his co-workers concluded that all human mitochondrial DNA can be traced back to one woman, the Mitochondrial Eve, who had lived in Africa about ________ to _________ years ago

Back 146

120,000 to 150,000

Front 147

The mitochondria DNA in each individual comes only from the ________.

Back 147

mother

Front 148

When you compare the genomes of any two persons from any part of the world, their DNA sequences are _____% identical.

Back 148

99.9%

Front 149

One hypothesis to account for the disappearance of Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis is known as the ___________ model, which states that modern humans contributed to the extinction of local species by out-competing them.

Back 149

out of africa

Front 150

The ________ theory describes how the universe was formed about 13.7 billion years ago

Back 150

big bang

Front 151

The amount of oxygen in our current atmosphere is a result of billions of years of photosynthesis by _______

Back 151

cyanobacteria

Front 152

Three basic characteristics of life include the abilities to use energy, ______, and _____

Back 152

reproduce, evolve)

Front 153

All matter in the universe, including the matter in your body, comes from the inside of __

Back 153

stars

Front 154

The fact that all living organisms, from simple bacteria to human beings, use the same ____________ , points to the commonality of life on Earth.

Back 154

genetic code

Front 155

One of the hypotheses for the Cambrian explosion was an increase in the Earth’s _______ concentration, which promoted the evolution or larger body forms

Back 155

oxygen

Front 156

__________ _________ is the universal mechanism to insure individual uniqueness

Back 156

sexual reproduction

Front 157

Humans are nothing more than a collection of molecules composed of hydrogen, ____________, and ___________, yet we are one of the most complex creatures on Earth.

Back 157

oxygen and carbon

Front 158

The protein, which acts like cellular “glue” to hold cells together, is called _________. This protein was first used by the group of animals known scientifically as ________

Back 158

collagen; porifera

Front 159

To coordinate the motion of muscles, the cnidarians a simple network of _______ that allow the muscle fibers to communicate using a combination of electrical impulses and chemical signals

Back 159

nerve cells

Front 160

In Lewis Carroll’s Through the Looking-Glass, . Alice asked the ________ why they did not seem to be going anywhere during their race. This scene is a good analogy for the Evolutionary Arms race, in which neither participant can get anywhere, but must keep evolving in order to just keep up.

Back 160

red queen

Front 161

Scientists have shown that at some point in evolution, ___________ cells took up residence in eukaryotic cells to become the first organelles through a process know as ______

Back 161

prokaryotes; endosymbiosis

Front 162

Even though we are one of the most complex organisms on the planet, less than ____ percent of the human genome is used to encode functional proteins.

Back 162

2

Front 163

Scientists have found that there are a small group of genes known as the ______ genes which are responsible for directing the body pattern formation in all animals

Back 163

homeobox

Front 164

A brain’s complexity results mainly from the types and numbers of _________ that each nerve cell has with other nerve cells.

Back 164

connections