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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is homeostasis? |
To maintain a constant internal state. |
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What's a nervous system? |
this system is used to coordinate and control all activities of an organism (it is a communication network-fast) |
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What are the two parts to the nervous system?
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Central Nervous system (CNS) i.Brain ii. Spinal cord Peripheral Nervous system i. somatic ii. autonomic |
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How does the central nervous system work? |
The brain- receives interprets and responds to stimuli. -maintains homeostasis It is protected by the skull and the meninges: membranes filled with cerebrospinal that surround the brain and spna cord and act as a shock absorber (cushion). |
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What are the two subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system. |
Somatic- voluntary responses, receive impulses from the senses and rturn impulses to the efectors ex: dribbling basketball Autonomic- these nerves control involuntary activity. (shivering blinking) |
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What are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system? |
Sympathetic nerves- to the emergency ex: accelerator nerve (connects from heart to brain). Parasympathetic nerves put the body back to normal ex: vagus nerve
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What is a neuron? |
The main component of the nervous system. It's a nerve cell. |
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How many types of neurons are there and what are they? |
Sensory- relay impulses from the senses to the central nervous system interneurons- compose most of the brain and spinal cord, act as a link between the sensory and motor neurons. motor- ransmit impulse from the CNS to the effectors. |
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what kind of cell is a neuron? |
Eukaryotic: animal cell. |
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what are the two types of cellular transport and their functions? |
1. Active transport: uses energy to move molecules. 2. Passive transport: no energy required a.Diffusion b.Osmosis c.Facilitated Diffusion |
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What is Diffusion? |
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration. It is an example of Passive Transport. |
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What is Osmosis? |
Osmosis - the diffusion of water (across a membrane) Water will move in the direction where there is a high concentration of solute (and hence a lower concentration of water. -passive transport |
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What is facilitated Diffusion? |
When ions are facilitated by special proteins in order to cross the cell membrane. |
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What are dendrites? |
Finger-like projections that extend from the cell body and receive impulses from the sensory receptors/neurons. |
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what is a nucleus? |
The control center of the cell. Coordinate cellular activities and controls what comes in or out. |
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what is cytoplasm? |
The liquid portion of the cell. |
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what is an axon? |
A long tube or extension from the cell body to the end brushes. It carries the impulse. |
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What's a shwann cell? |
They are cells that surround the axon to create myelin. |
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What is myelin? |
It is an insulator produced by the schwann cells that keeps the 'charge' inside, making the impulse occur faster. |
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What are the nodes of ranvier? |
They are gaps or spaces in between the schwann cells where there is no myelin. It allows the impulse to jump from node to node, regenerating at each place. |
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What is a synaptic vessicle? |
Tiny sacs in the end brushes that store a chemical known as a neurotransmitter. |
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What's a neurotransmitter? |
Chemicals released by the synaptic vessicles that are used to cross the synapse and trigger a response on the dendrites. |
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What's a synapse? |
A gap or space in between two neurons. |
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What is the difference between the two types of neurotransmitters? |
Excitatory Neurotransmitter- a chemical released by the synaptic vessicles which causes the sodium gates to open in the post synaptic neuron. Inhibitory Neurotransmitter- Process in which the post synaptic neuron is made more negative on the inside to raise it's threshold of stimulus. (chlorine gates open) |
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What three stages occur to make up an impulse? |
1. Resting Neuron (polarized) 2. Action Potential (depolarized) 3. Repolarization |
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Is a neuron at rest more positive or negative outside its membrane? How? |
The outside of a neuron at rest is highly positive. The protein in the cells membrane pumps three Na+ out for every two K+ that come into the cell. Because the membrane is impermeable to Na+, the sodium get trapped outside, however the membrane is permeable to K+, so potassium can diffuse out. This results in a large positive charge outside. |
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Is a neuron at rest more positive or negative on the inside? |
The inside of a neuron at rest is more negative on the inside. The bulk of negative charges like phosphate, sulfate, negative proteins and amino acids are large molecules and do no move easily so they stay inside. Chlorine anions are both inside and outside the membrane wall however it is impermeable to Cl- . This results in a highly negative charge inside. |
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At rest, a neuron is referred to as? |
Polarized. |
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What is an action potential? |
It is a swap of charges in the neuron. When a neurotransmitter is released, the sodium gates open allowing them to rush into the neuron and initiate a wave of depolarization; however the potassium gates close. The positive change inside the neuron cause the membrane adjacent to it to become permeable to Na+ and so this part becomes depolarized as well. |
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What is repolarization? |
The process of putting the neuron behind the action potential back to rest. |
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What is meant by the all-or-none response? |
If a neuron is stimulated strongly enough that it reaches its threshold of stimulus (-60mV), the axon will send the impulse down the length of its body. However if the stimulus is weak and this threshold is not met, the axon will not send the response because it's not strong enough to initiate a wave of depolarization. |
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What is the overall quantitative charge inside a neuron at rest? |
Around -79mV. |
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What is Multiple Sclerosis? List its symptoms and treatments. |
A progressive disorder whereby the myelin sheath surrounding the cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. Symptoms:loss of coordination, slurred speech, blurred vision, numbness, muscle weakness. Treatment: medication that suppress autoimmune reactions. |
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What is Alzheimer's Disease? List its symptoms and treatments. |
A disorder concerning dementia whereby acetylcholine levels drop and amyloid proteins distort the conversation path between brain cells. Symptoms are confusion, impaired judgment, memory loss, and personality changes. Treatment: chlorinesterase inhibitors work to increase levels of acetylcholine in the brain. |
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What is Parkinson's Disease? what are its symptoms and treatments? |
A chronic movement disorder caused y the gradual death of the neurons that produce dopamine. Begins as slight tremors on one side of the body that progresses towards both sides;rigid limbs; slow body movements. Treatment: no cure, medications that boost dopamine levels. |
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What is Viral Meningitis/Bacterial Meningitis? What are their symptoms and treatments? |
Viral- nervous system disorder caused by a viral infection of the meinges. It's especially common among children. Bacterial- is a nervos system disorder caused by a bacterial infection of the meninges. Symptoms are; headaches. stiff necks, vomiting, fever, drowsiness. Treatment: hand washing, vaccines for some bacterias but none for viral, bacterial meningitis has serious long-term effects such as hearing impairments and death. |
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What is Huntington's Disease, its symptoms and treatments? |
A fatal autosomal dominant disorder in which the neurons in certain parts of the brain degenerate, symptoms are memory loss, jerky movements, dementia, personality changes, typically appears mid-life. Treatment: no cure or way to slow progression, up to 15 years until death after diagnosis. |
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Where is the cerebrum located and what are its functions? |
The largest part of the brain that deals with memory, thinking , emotions, decision-making, intelligence as well as unconscious thought. |
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Where is the cerebral cortex located and what are its functions? |
The thin outer layer of the cerebrum that is responsable for sensations (senses, lobes of the brain). |
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what are convolusions and what is their role? |
Folds in the brain (cerebrum) that increases the surface area to allow for more reactions. |
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What are the meninges? |
Membranes filled with cerebrospinal fluid that surround the brain and spinal cord and act as a shock absorber for impulses. |
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Where is the cerebellum located and what are its functions? |
This part of the brain is located in the back of the head, it controls balance, motion and activity. |
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Where are the Pons located and what is their role? |
-Located above the medula oblongata. - composed of interneurons that connect the brain stem to the upper brain. |
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What is the pituitary glands role? |
It is the master gland of the endocrine system. |
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Where is the corpus collosum located and what is its function? |
-Located in the center of the brain - A bunch of axons that connect the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum. |
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What is the hypothalamus' function |
It is responsable for maintaining homeostasis. Negative/positive feedback loops. |
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What are the two major parts of the human nervous system? |
Central and peripheral nervous systems. |
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How is the autonomic system different from the somatic system? |
The autonomic system controls involuntary responses (breathing, shivering) while the somatic system controls voluntary responses ( dribbling a basketball). |
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What's the Thalamus and what does it do? |
A relay center that directs sensory information to the appropriate part of the cerebrum (cerebral cortex- lobes). |
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What is the Medula Oblongata? |
Hakuna Matatat! It means no worries!!! Takes care of things like heartbeat, rate, breathing, etc. |
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What is a reflex arc? How is it useful to an organism like you? |
A reflex arc is the nerve pathway from the stimulus to the reflex action. For example, i you were to touch a hot plate, the stimulus being the heat would trigger your sensory receptors on your hand. This impulse would then travel to your sensory neurons, interneurons where the brain acknowledges your hand on something hot so they "tell" the motor neurons to pull the effectors in your arm back. |
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What factors contribute to the brain's complexity? |
The brain's coplexity is due to the variety of cells involved; to the brain's unique internal hormone system; and to complex interconnections between various parts of the body |
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What is an EEG, PET, CAT, and MRI scan? |
CAT- take x-rays that reeal 3-D images of a part of a body. PET- identiy which areas of the brain are most active when subjects perform a task. MRI- use magnets, waves, an computers to create a detailed image o th brain and structures of the body. EEG- a printout of brain waves that help doctors diagnose certain diseases. |
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The phospholipid bilayer is not very permeable to ions. Explain how ions can diffuse into or out of a nerve cell? |
Ions are charged molecules and therefore can't diffuse in or out of the cell membrane on their own. They require special proteins in the cell membrane to carry them across. |
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Explain what is meant by the resting potential? What is the approximate measure of resting potential? |
The resting potential refers to the difference in charge from the inside to the outside of a neuron at rest; approximately -70mV. |
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What is an action potential? How is it started? |
When a neurotransmitter is released, the sodium gates of the post-synaptic neuron open allowing Na+ to rush in. The membrane is now impermeable to potassium. The positive change inside the neuron causes the membrane adjacent to it to become permeable to sodium as well, and as a result, the wave of depolarization continues down the axons body. |
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How can some neurons grow new axons after injury? |
Neurons that possess neurolomma (outer layer of the schwann cells) can reproduce themselves if the injury is not too severe. When a neuron is cut, the severed end of the axon grows an extension whie the original axon produces a regeneration tube from its neurolomma. If one of the sprouts connects with this tube, the axon can re-form itself. |
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What is the role of an enzyme like chlorinesterase? |
The role of an enzyme like chlorinesterase, is to break down neurotransmitters, like acetylcholine, once they've crossed the synapse and attached to the dendrites of the post-synaptic neuron. Otherwise, the neurotransmitter would continue the action potential, with impulses being fired. |
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What is the sclera? |
The outer part of the eye that gives the eye its shape. |
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what is the pathway of a reflex? |
Stimulus, sensory receptors, sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons, effectors. |
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What is the choroid layer? |
Absorbs light in the eye and prevents reflection. Like a black hole. |
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What's the vitreous humour? |
Liquid portion of the inner eye that provides pressure so that the retina stays firmly attached to the back of the eyeball. |
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Retina? |
Located in the back of the eye. It is the sensory receptor made up of rods and cones. (the screen) |
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Lens |
Changes the direction of light entering the eye by refraction so that it hits the retina. |
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Ciliary muscles |
muscles attached to the lens that change the shape of the lens. (focus) |
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Iris |
Pretty :) Muscle that controls the pupil. |
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Pupil |
Controls how much light passes through the lens. |
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Explain how the eye functions? |
As light enters the eye, the pupil dilates if there is insufficient light or constricts if there is too much light. The shape of the lens also changes in response to your distance from the object being viewed. For example, if you are looking at something far away, the ciliary muscles contract and the lens flattens. If the object is close up, the ciliary muscles relax and the lens rounds. The image is focused on the retina, composed of rods and cones which function using a pigment called rhodopsin. When light strikes this pigment, rhodopsin breaks down into two proteins, retinal and opsin. The proteins then send the impulse to the brain. |
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Describe cataracts. |
A cloudy film on the lens that occurs because of exposure to the sun. |
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Describe Glaucoma |
A leakage of the aqueous humour from between the cornea and the lens. As a result, peripheral vision is lost. |
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Describe an Astigmatism |
Results from an irregular shaped cornea. |
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Near-sightedness |
Myopia is a condition where a person has difficulty seein something far away. -caused by the eyeball being too long or the ciliary muscles too strong. It can be fixed using a concave lens. |
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Far-sightedness |
Hyperopia is a condition where a person has difficulty seeing something up close. Caused by the eyeball being too short of the ciliary muscles too weak. It can be fixed using a convex reading lens. |
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Pinna |
Directs sound inside the ear towards the eardrum. |
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Auditory canal |
contains tiny hairs and sweat glands that secrete ear wax to protect the ear from foreign particles. Directs the sound to the tympanic membrane. |
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Tympanic Membran |
The eadrum: as it receives the sound waves it vibrtes, oscillating the small bones. |
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Ossicles |
The small bones are situated next to the eardrum and oscillate in response to the tympanic membranes vibrations. |
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What are the three small bones? |
Malleus, incus, stapes |
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Auditory tube/eustachian tube |
Allows air pressure to equalize and in situations such as in air planes or elevators, yawning can cause the air to move through the tubes and "pop". |
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Cochlea |
Converts sound waves into fluid waves - that's where the impulse comes from. |
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What is conduction of deafness? |
Occurs in the outer or middle ear. It affects the transmission of soudwaves. ie wax build up; broken tympanic membrane, etc. |
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What is nerve deafness? |
Caused by the damage to the tiny hairs of the spiral organ (inner ear) - usually occurs w/ aging - Hearing is uneven - Unrepairable - Frequencies are lost |
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What makes up the middle ear? |
The tympanic membrane and and the ossicles (small bones) |
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What makes up the outer ear? |
The pinna and the auditory canal. |
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Is GABA an inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitter? |
Inhibitory. |
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What kind of neurotransmitter is acetylcholine |
Muscular neurotransmitter |
