Biology 3.2 Sexual Reproduction And Cell Specialisation

Front 1

asexual reproduction

Back 1

the production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent cell or organism

Hint 1

无性繁殖

Front 2

sexual reproduction

Back 2

production of a new individual resulting from the joining of two sex cells

Hint 2

有性繁殖

Front 3

diploid

Back 3

having two sets of chromosomes in the cell(2n)

Hint 3

二倍体

Front 4

haploid

Back 4

cell containing a single set of chromosomes (half the full chromosome number (n))

Hint 4

单倍体

Front 5

zygote

Back 5

new diploid cell formed when two haploid gametes fuse at fertilisation

Hint 5

合子

Front 6

fertilisation

Back 6

joining of two gametes to form a new individual (zygote)

Hint 6

受精

Front 7

gonad

Back 7

organ that produces sex cells, such as testis or ovary in humans

Hint 7

性腺

Front 8

anther

Back 8

male sex organ in plants

Hint 8

花药

Front 9

ovary

Back 9

female sex organ in animals and plants

Hint 9

子房

Front 10

pollen

Back 10

male gamete in plants

Hint 10

花粉

Front 11

ovule

Back 11

female gamete produced in plants

Hint 11

胚珠

Front 12

testis

Back 12

male sex organ in humans

Hint 12

睾丸

Front 13

spermatozoa

Back 13

haploid male gamete

Hint 13

精子

Front 14

ovum

Back 14

(plural ova) haploid female gamete

Hint 14

卵子

Front 15

sex pilus

Back 15

strand of cytoplasm between two bacteria during sexual reproduction

Hint 15

性菌毛

Front 16

bacterial conjugation

Back 16

sexual reproduction in bacteria

Hint 16

细菌结合

Front 17

microspore

Back 17

precusor of male gamete in plants

Hint 17

孢子

Front 18

megaspore

Back 18

precusor of female gamete in plants

Hint 18

大孢子

Front 19

crossing over

Back 19

process by which chromatids break and rejoin, introducing variety during meiosis

Hint 19

跨越

Front 20

independant

Back 20

the random distribution of chromosomes from parents into offspring

Hint 20

独立

Front 21

recombination

Back 21

process by which DNA strands are broken and rejoined. often occurs during meiosis.

Hint 21

重组

Front 22

chiasma

Back 22

(plural chiasmata) points where chromatids break during crossing over

Hint 22

视交叉

Front 23

gametogenesis

Back 23

formation of the gametes

Hint 23

配子产生

Front 24

spermatogenesis

Back 24

formation of sperm

Hint 24

精子产生

Front 25

oogenesis

Back 25

formation of ova

Hint 25

卵子产生

Front 26

mitotic divisions

Back 26

有丝分裂

Front 27

meiotic divisions

Back 27

减数分裂

Front 28

oocytes

Back 28

卵母细胞

Front 29

sporophyte

Back 29

diploid generation of plants

Hint 29

孢子体

Front 30

gametophyte

Back 30

haploid, sexual generation of plants

Hint 30

配子体

Front 31

pollen sac

Back 31

region of anther where pollen grains develop

Hint 31

花粉囊

Front 32

tube nucleus

Back 32

forms the pollen tube for fertilisation in plants

Hint 32

管核

Front 33

generative nucleus

Back 33

nucleus in the pollen tube containing the chromosomes which fuses with the female nucleus in the ovule

Hint 33

生成核

Front 34

placenta

Back 34

in mammals, the organ where nutrients and oxygen from the mother pass into the blood of the fetus and waste products from the fetus pass into the blood of the mother by diffusion. in plants, the pad of tissue which joins the ovule to the ovary wall.

Hint 34

胎盘

Front 35

embryo sac

Back 35

contains the gametophyte (配子体) generation in the ovary (卵巢) of flowering plants.

Hint 35

胚囊

Front 36

megagamete

Back 36

the female gamete in a plant

Hint 36

配子

Front 37

pollination

Back 37

the arrival of pollen grains on the female parts of a flower

Hint 37

授粉

Front 38

external fertilisation

Back 38

fertilisation that takes place outside the body

Hint 38

体外受精

Front 39

internal fertilisation

Back 39

fertilisation that takes place inside the body

Hint 39

体内受精

Front 40

mating

Back 40

process by which male gametes are released directly into the body of the female

Hint 40

交配

Front 41

secondary oocyte

Back 41

the ovum released at ovulation when meiosis has not been fully completed

Hint 41

次级卵母细胞

Front 42

zona pellucida

Back 42

protective layer of jelly around an animal ovum

Hint 42

卵透明带

Front 43

acrosome reaction

Back 43

release of enzymes from the acrosome when the head of the sperm touches the surface of the ovum

Hint 43

精子顶体反应

Front 44

polyspermy

Back 44

when more than one sperm penetrates the fertile ovum

Hint 44

多精入卵

Front 45

fertilisation membrane

Back 45

thick membrane formed around the outside of an ovum once it has been fertilised by a sperm

Hint 45

受精膜

Front 46

conception

Back 46

the fusing of the sperm and the ovum

Hint 46

受孕

Front 47

follicle cell

Back 47

毛囊细胞

Front 48

cortical granules

Back 48

皮质颗粒

Front 49

germinate

Back 49

the growth of the pollen grain on the stigma of a plant. the growth of a seed into a young plant

Hint 49

发芽

Front 50

pollen tube

Back 50

tube which grows out of a pollen grain down the stigma into the ovule in the ovary to transport the pollen nuclei.

Hint 50

花粉管

Front 51

double fertilisation

Back 51

in plants where one male nucleus fuses with two polar bodies and the other fuses with the female gamete (egg) nucleus to form a zygote

Hint 51

双受精

Front 52

endosperm nucleus

Back 52

triploid nucleus formed when male nucleus fuses with two polar bodies in the ovule of a plant

Hint 52

胚乳核

Front 53

triploid

Back 53

containing three sets of chromosomes

Hint 53

三倍体

Front 54

cleavage

Back 54

special form of mitosis which involves rapid cell division without interphase pauses for assimilation and cell expansion

Hint 54

卵裂

Front 55

blastocyst

Back 55

early embryo consisting of a ball of cells

Hint 55

囊胚

Front 56

pluripotent

Back 56

cells with the potential to form most of the cell types needed in an organism

Hint 56

多能干细胞

Front 57

cell determination

Back 57

predestination of embryonic cells to become a particular tissue type

Hint 57

测定细胞

Front 58

differentiate

Back 58

the process by which cells become specialised for a particular function and lose the ability to form different types of cells (lose pluripotency)

Hint 58

分化

Front 59

tissue culture

Back 59

growth of tissues in the laboratory outside of the whole organism

Hint 59

组织培养

Front 60

embryo splitting

Back 60

process of splitting early embryos while the cells are totipotent to produce a number of identical clones in animal husbandry

Hint 60

胚胎分割

Front 61

internal stimulus

Back 61

signal or change from inside the body or cell

Hint 61

内部刺激

Front 62

external stimulus

Back 62

signal or change from outside the body or cell

Hint 62

外部刺激

Front 63

gene probe

Back 63

technique for identifying active genes in a cell

Hint 63

基因探针

Front 64

ecdysone

Back 64

insect hormone that controls the moulting process

Hint 64

蜕皮激素

Front 65

juvenile hormone

Back 65

insect hormone that controls the maturity of the instar produced after each moult

Hint 65

保幼激素

Front 66

transgenic

Back 66

organisms which have genes from another organism engineered into their DNA

Hint 66

转基因

Front 67

embryonic stem cell

Back 67

cells from the early embryo which are pluripotent or totipotent, can form most or all of the cell types of an organism

Hint 67

胚胎干细胞