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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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aneuploidy
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A chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number
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Barr body
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A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in female mammalian cells, representing an inactivated X chromosome.
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chromosome theory of inheritance
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A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns. (segragation and independent assortment
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crossing over
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The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis.
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cytologenetic map
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Chart of a chromosome that locates genes with respect to chromosomal features.
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deletion
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1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.
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Down syndrome
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A human genetic disease caused by presence of an extra chromosome 21; characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects.
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Duchenne muscular dystrophy
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A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue.
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duplication
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An aberration in chromosome structure due to fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome, such that a portion of a chromosome is duplicated.
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genetic map
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An ordered list of genetic loci (genes or other genetic markers) along a chromosome
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genetic recombination
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General term for the production of offspring that combine traits of the two parents.
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genomic imprinting
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Phenomenon in which expression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from the male or female parent.
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hemophilia
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A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by excessive bleeding following injury.
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inversion
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An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from reattachment in a reverse orientation of a chromosomal fragment to the chromosome from which the fragment originated.
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linkage map
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A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes.
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linked genes
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Genes located close enough together on a chromosome to be usually inherited together.
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map unit
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A unit of measurement of the distance between genes. One map unit is equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency.
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monosomic
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Referring to a cell that has only one copy of a particular chromosome, instead of the normal two
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nondisjunction
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An error in meiosis or mitosis, in which both members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or both sister chromatids fail to move apart properly.
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parental type
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An offspring with a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes.
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polyploidy
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A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets.
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recombinant
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An offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the parents; also called recombinant type.
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sex-linked gene
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A gene located on a sex chromosome
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translocation
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(1) An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome. (2) During protein synthesis, the third stage in the elongation cycle when the RNA carrying the growing polypeptide moves from the A site to the P site on the ribosome. (3) The transport of organic nutrients in the phloem of vascular plants.
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trisomic
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Referring to a cell that has three copies of a particular chromosome, instead of the normal two.
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wild type
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An individual with the normal (most common) phenotype.
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