Biology 30S Exam Review

Front 1

What acid is in the stomach?

Back 1

HCl
Hydrochloric acid

Front 2

What is the pH of the stomach?

Back 2

1-3

Front 3

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Back 3

Amino Acids

Front 4

What are the building blocks of fats?

Back 4

esters of glycerols and fatty acids

Front 5

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

Back 5

Simple Sugars

Front 6

Define homeostasis.

Back 6

The bodies ability to maintain a mostly constant state.

Front 7

Define catabolism.

Back 7

Reaction that breaks down something into smaller units

Front 8

Define anabolism.

Back 8

Reaction to makes larger molecules out of smaller units

Front 9

Define metabolic rate.

Back 9

The rate of the metabolism

Front 10

What two hormones are produced by ovaries when they mature?

Back 10

estrogen and progesterone

Front 11

Why are the testes kept in the scrotum?

Back 11

Sperm cells need a slightly lower than body temperature to mature

Front 12

Why are capillaries vital to human life?

Back 12

Every cell needs to be near blood

Front 13

What 2 processes are involved in cell division?
(describe)

Back 13

mitosis:
Division of the nucleus into 2 new nuclei (each new nucleus has same # of chromosomes as the "parent" nucleus")
Cytokinesis:
Division of the cytoplasm

Front 14

define interphase

Back 14

Time when the cell is not dividing
-it is performing its normal daily functions

Front 15

When does cytokinesis occur?

Back 15

begins during Anaphase,
ends during Telophase

Front 16

What is biology?

Back 16

The study of life

Front 17

What is chemistry?

Back 17

The study of matter

Front 18

Most abundant elements in the human body?

Back 18

Hydrogen
nitrogen
carbon
phosphorous
oxygen
calcium

Front 19

Centrioles?

Back 19

-small, cylindrical stuctures
-in cytoplasm just outside nucleus
-plays role in mitosis

Front 20

What is the cell membrane made of?

Back 20

phospholipids & proteins

Front 21

Function of cell membrane?

Back 21

Helps keep cell in correct shape
controls what goes in and out

Front 22

Robert Hooke?

Back 22

discovered the cell i na sample of cork

Front 23

Matthias Schleiden

Back 23

discovered that all animals are made of cells

Front 24

Theodor Schwan

Back 24

discovered that all plants are made of cells

Front 25

Rudolph Virchow

Back 25

Discovered cell division

Front 26

cell theory?

Back 26

-All living things are made of cells, which come from pre-existing cells
-smallest unit of life
-can be grouped together to make larger organisms

Front 27

Different between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells?

Back 27

prokaryotic:
-simplest/smallest
-oldest
-make up unicellular organisms (bacteria/blue/green algae)
-have only one chromosome
-dont have membrane around nucleus
Eukaryotic:
-Larger/younger
-make up all multicellular plants, animals and fungi, as well as some unicellular organisms
-have a membrane around the nucleus

Front 28

What percent of living organisms are H2O?

Back 28

70%-90%

Front 29

Where do the chemical reactions needed for life take place?

Back 29

Water

Front 30

How is water used in the body?

Back 30

-as solvent
-as a medium for chemical reactions
-as a coolant

Front 31

pH of the body?

Back 31

6.8-7.4

Front 32

define glycogen

Back 32

many glucose molecules joined together; used by animals to store food

Front 33

What controls the type and speed of reactions?

Back 33

Globular proteins called enzymes

Front 34

How do enzymes speed up reactions?

Back 34

they lower the activation energy needed

Front 35

What is the most important function of vitamins?

Back 35

keep enzymes in the correct shape

Front 36

How is the tounge involved in digestion?

Back 36

combines crushed food with saliva and rolls it into a glob-shaped mass called the bolus

Front 37

What is the function of saliva?

Back 37

-lubricate the bolus
-contain salivary amylaze, which chemically breaks down starch into glucose
-contains an enzyme that kills microbes(like bacteria and fungi)

Front 38

how does th esophagus get the food down?

Back 38

muscular contractions of the esophagus wall

Front 39

What is heart burn?

Back 39

sphrincter not closing properly/fast enough, causing gastric juices from stomach to splash back up into the esophagus

Front 40

What does the acid of the stomach do?

Back 40

Kills microbes
gives stomachs digestive enzymes their correct shape

Front 41

Pepsin?

Back 41

enzyme in stomach gastric juice that breaks bonds on pairs of amino acids
-inactive form: pepsinogen

Front 42

when does food leave the stomach, and what is it called after?

Back 42

approximately 3 hours, chyme

Front 43

enzymes of the pancreas?

Back 43

-procreatic amylase
--finished off digestion of starch to glucose
-lipase
--breaks down fats into glycerol & fatty acids
-trypsin & chymotrypsin
--breaks more bonds between more amino acid pairs

Front 44

What is in bile, what does it do, and where is it stored?

Back 44

salts
pigments
cholesterol
-stored in gall bladder
-breaks fat droplets into smaller fat droplets

Front 45

What enzymes does the lining of duodenum secrete?

Back 45

sucrase
-converts sucrose to glucose
lactase
-converts lactose to glucose
exopeptidases
-group of enzymes that breaks down small peptides into single amino acids

Front 46

% nutrients energy?

Back 46

sugar - 18%
starch - 28%
fat - 42%
protein - 12%

Front 47

States of heart?

Back 47

Systole - contraction
Diastole - Rest