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9 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychoactive Drugs
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In ancient societies, drug use was associated with religion
Drugs > pain, to make you feel better Every culture across the planet associated with psychoactive drugs 6 species-old world 40 species-new world |
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Cannabis Sativa
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origin-Far East
pottery cards in china dating back 10,000 years with pic of cannabis Chinese legend-God gave one plant to full-fill all needs 01. durable fibers-for making ropes, net clothing, hemp 02. seeds-edible; highly nutritious (oil) 03. valuable oil used in paints, varnishes, lamp oil for burning 04. to correct spiritual imbalances 3rd most widely used non-medicinal purposes single most profitable crop in Cali 2nd most profitable crop in US credit to India for hallucinogenic properties Beverage-Bhang-a milk based beverage with ground cannabis leaves-token of hospitality for visiting guests spread to Middle East to Arabia, from there it reached Africa in the 1400s beverages or leaves chewed like tobacco smoking not till 1600s Dutch Settlers regions in Africa Napoleon introduced to Europe late 1700s Widely established in Central North Cultivated in US for fiber 1800-1950s LA first state to ban the use of Marijuana 1937 federal government passed “Marijuana Tax Law” didn't prohibit the drug.Tampered the sale 1965 when scientists figured out what causes the hallucinogenics THC mimics compound Anatomize that we produce in our bodies/brains. Helps us forget Legal in some states for medicinal drugs for pain relief, cancer patients undergoing radiation reduce expediences, glaucoma, asthma dilate blood vessels 1972 first study: recommended decriminalization of marijuana 01. Use was so widespread laws were unenforceable 02. Couldn't find evidence of mental damage from marijuana moderate use 1981 science study felt it was safer than alcohol legal sanctions removed. People would turn to worse drugs if taken away. Use of Marijuana Affected memory High doses-short term memory loss Long term user-progressive severe arthritis, mild-severe liver problems Chronic or acute psychosis if you have psychological problems if heavy use |
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Papaver
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Opium poppy: dates back 3000 BC (Joy plant)
Induce sleep and reduce pain God Morpheus (sleep) Obtained from milky latex that is obtained from the fruit. Latex has unusual amounts of alkaloids (Morphine & Codeine-most abundant) Widespread use throughout middle East-legal, not monitored or prohibited Treaty with Turkey to limit amount grown Opium primary product traded with China Plantations in India to quickly trade with China(Britain would have traded with India) 1837-Chinese officials confiscated a Britain ship carrying opium and destroyed ship. Great Britain invaded China First war China signed treaty Britain took Hong Kong-wasn't returned until 1991 1865-China confiscated British ships again Agreed to reduce amount Continued until 1949 Laudanum-alcohol and opium-cure headaches, stop babies from crying A cure all-commonly prescribed medicine Morphine-1st isolated from opium in 1803 Very popular with medical community 10x stronger than opium By 1800s far most intravenous medication Major event in US history to learn about addiction Civil War-50,000 Civil War soldiers addicted to morphine Tried to chemically alter morphine to make less addictive Heroin-made more addictive form Bayer Aspirin-cough syrup laced with heroin (1889) 1914-US passed laws prohibiting medications for non medicinal purposes 1924-all forms of heroin illegal to useeven by medical professionals |
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Cactaceae
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Cactus family
Peyote The divine cactus Widely used by natives of US and Mexico for religious practices Peyotero-licensed people in Texas to collect peyote Team of 5 can harvest 30,000 heads in 5 hours Charge 15-17 cents a head 1000 dried buttons $150-170 You eat the dried buttons Initially cause nausea and vomiting 2 hours later you start to hallucinate Lasts 5-12 hours 30-40 alkaloids present Most active one mescaline Spineless cactus-no defense mechanisms except for alkaloids; not native to US Native North American Church-given authority to use in religious practice by Supreme Court |
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Erythroxylem
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coca (red wood of plants)
Native to Andes of South America Plant that cocaine is taken from Used by the Incas of Peru Used it extensively Estimate their use dates back many thousands of years 90% of native Peruvians that live at high elevations in the Andes still use Coca leaves Leaves of coca plant as stimulant-chew leaves Used to make coke Collect leaves, allow them to dry but never dry completely-considered done when leaves are in a wilted state Packaged and sealed for later use Active ingredient is cocaine-minimal amt Feeling of invigoration and makes the user immune to fatigue and hunger(Cocaine) Spanish tried to ban it but realized that natives work better when under the influence 1860’s popular medicinal drug Sigmund Frued-recommended cocaine for treating alcoholism, morphine addiction, psychotherapy for depression and local anesthetic for minor surgeries Coca cola originally used coca leaves in its beverage and marketed as a headache remedy When leaves became banned coca cola got sued for false advertisement Still use coca leaves for flavoring but cocaine has been removed |
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Solanaceae
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Nicotiana Tabacum
Native to the Americas One species of genus in Australia This plant alone has had the greatest impact on humans Every culture on the planet utilizes tobacco Often used in religious services as peace offering Medicinal plant Wasp stings So valuable leaves were used as currency for buying and trading things Can credit Columbus with bringing it back to Europe for the first time Became a very popular plant with the Europeans such that a French ambassador names Jean Nicot became a prime ambassador of tobacco importing from Americas to Europe He became so popular Linnaeus named it after him First farmers of 13 colonies were more eager to grow tobacco for import than growing crops to eat One of the primary items of trade btw the 13 colonies and Europe More profitable crop than anything edible Tobacco farming in LA-Perique Tobacco (type of tobacco grown) Grown in St.James Parish exclusively in Grand Point Collect leaves and ferment them in wooden barrels Would yield a very potent form of tobacco Takes many hundreds of leaves to fill a barrel When full will seal barrel and press on lid to compact leaves (heavy weights on top) Will start to leak out brown foul smelling liquid Will allow to continue for several months (Aug-Jan) Never used solely-added to other forms of tobacco as a flavoring agent Harvest entire plant Slow drying process Slow fermentation process Indigenous chemical process Big business on world wide basis Ground for cigars-grown under shaded conditions for bigger leaves For cigarette production –sunny locations-smaller plants, less fertilization Drug nicotine-an alloid-central nervous system stimulant Can produce nausea, dizziness, and hallucinations in large doses In pure form a toxin Physically addictive |
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Stimulating Beverages
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Alcohol is not a stimulating beverage
Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate-3 primary stimulating beverages All contain caffeine-mimics our own bodies production of adrenaline Caffeine Addictive Can have adverse affects Can cause an irregular heart beat, high blood pressure, headaches, insomnia Has withdrawal symptoms Often added to other beverages-many soft drinks, energy drinks Often added to many medications |
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Coffea Arabica
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Chicory Root(Louisiana tradition)
Self compatible species Native to Africa, East Africa and in particular Ethiopia Second only to oil in terms of its trade value on world trade market Chewed the leaves of coffee prior to coffee beans being brewed 500 A.D. First coffee was brewed in the Middle East Referred to the fruits of coffee as beans only because it resembles a bean Quickly spread from Middle East through Africa and reaching Europe by 1650 Estimate 3000 coffee houses had come up throughout Europe Religious and political meetings People had a monopoly on it. Would dip it in hot water so people could not get a coffee bean Dutch managed to secure live coffee beans-break Arab monopoly Planted extensive coffee plantations throughout the East Indies A single tree in a botanical garden in Paris, France was brought to Martinique in 1723 and within 50 years there were thousands of trees growing Martinique Soon after coffee trees were spread throughout Colombia and Brazil are the leading producers (South America) Harvested by hand and not by machines Mature fruits occur in dense clusters and only the ones that are bright red are ripe and ready to be picked Once they are picked they are ready to be fermented but process will only last about 24 hours-indigenous chemical process Then dried for about 1 week in the sun At that point they are packaged and sent to coffee makers across the country Coffee makers get dried green coffee beans not roasted beans Coffee makers have their own roasting process to develop their own flavor of coffee Light, medium, and dark roast all have the same amount of caffeine just different flavors Light roast-400 *F Dark Roast-425*F When the roasting temperature is reached they must be sprayed with cold water to end the roasting abruptly to ensure that it is a uniform roast Tropical plant –5-6,000 feet of elevation Mountainous regions |
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Decaf Coffee
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Began in 1906-
German chemist was convinced that his fathers death was from too much coffee and caffeine Can use water, solvent, or steam to extract caffeine from coffee beans Solvent is most preferred-Methyl Chloride Yields best results-gets the most caffeine out(nearly all) Caffeine is extracted from coffee beans prior to the roasting process Done to get caffeine for other products 1 ton of beans yields 45 pounds of caffeine |
