Biology 30 Unit 1

Front 1

Characteristics of living:

Back 1

Made of cells

Reproduce

Based on universal genetic code

Grow & develop

Obtain & use materials & energy

Respond to environment (Ex: Light & Temp)

Change over time

Maintain stable internal environment

Front 2

Evolution

Back 2

Explains inherited similarities & diversity of life

Front 3

Homeostasis

Back 3

Organism's ability to maintain a stable internal environment

Front 4

Levels at which life can be studied

Back 4

Biosphere

Ecosystem

Community

Population

Organism

Groups of cells

Cells

Molecules

Front 5

Sexual Reproduction

Back 5

2 Parents

Front 6

Asexual Reproduction

Back 6

1 Parent

Front 7

Compound Light Microscope

Back 7

Most common (High Schools)

1000x

Dead & preserved specimens, living organisms, & cells

Front 8

Electron Microscope

Back 8

Focus beams of electrons through image

Dead & preserved specimens

Front 9

Cell Culture

Back 9

Single cell is able to reproduce so group of cells develop from single original cell

Front 10

Cell Fractionation Technique

Back 10

Cells broken into pieces

Added to a liquid

Placed in tube in centrifugo & spun

Tube connects separate into layers according to density.

Front 11

Cell Fractionation Purpose

Back 11

To study specific parts of cell

Front 12

Intraspecific Competition

Back 12

Within species

Front 13

Interspecific Competition

Back 13

Within 2 diff species

Front 14

Predation

Back 14

1 organism captures & feeds on another

Front 15

Symbiosis

Back 15

Relationship where 2 species live closely together

Front 16

Mutualism

Back 16

Both species benefit from relationship

Front 17

Commensalism

Back 17

1 member benefits & other is neutral

Front 18

Parasitism

Back 18

1 organism lives on or inside another organism & harms it

Front 19

Cell Theory States:

Back 19

All living things are composed of cells.

Cells are basic units of structure and function in living things.

New cells are produced from existing cells.

Front 20

Prokaryotic Cells

Back 20

Have no nucleus.

Bacteria are prokaryotes.

Front 21

Eukaryotic Cells

Back 21

Have a nucleus.

Have organelles.

Contain genetic material.

Larger & more complex than prokaryotes.

Have dozens of structures & internal membranes.

Front 22

Transmission Electron Microscope

Back 22

Studies cell structures & large protein molecules.

Look at ultra-thin slices.

Front 23

Scanning Electron Microscope

Back 23

3D images of cells.

Look at normal thin slices.

Front 24

All Cells Have:

Back 24

Cell Membrane

DNA at some point

Front 25

Cell Membrane

Back 25

Thin flexible barrier that surrounds all cells.

Regulates what enters/exits.

Provides protection & support for cell.

In all cells.

Constructed mainly of lipid bilayers.

Front 26

Cell Walls

Back 26

Strong supporting layer around cell membrane in plants, algae, fungi, & many prokaryotes

Front 27

Diffusion

Back 27

When particles move from high to low concentration.

Occurs bc molecules constantly move & collide w/ on another.

Front 28

Equilibrium

Back 28

When solute concentration is same throughout system

Front 29

Osmosis

Back 29

Diffusion/movement of water through selectively permeable membrane.

Front 30

Concentration Types:

Back 30

Hypertonic - Above Strength

Hypotonic - Below Strength

Isotonic - Same Strength

Front 31

Osmotic Pressure

Back 31

Pressure that osmosis exerts on hypertonic side of a selectively permeable membrane.

Causes water surrounding animal cell to move into, swell, & burst.

Front 32

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 32

Process of spontaneous passive transport.

Front 33

Active Transport

Back 33

When cells move materials in opposite direction that is against a concentration difference.

It requires energy.

Front 34

Endocytosis

Back 34

Process of taking material into cell.

(Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis)

Front 35

Exocytosis

Back 35

Materials are forced out of cell.

Front 36

Cell Specialization

Back 36

Cells having diff tasks in an organism.

Front 37

Autotrophs

Back 37

Organisms use light energy to produce food.

Front 38

Heterotrophs

Back 38

Get energy from consumed food.

Front 39

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Back 39

Adenine, Ribosome, 3 Phosphate groups.

Principal chemical, energy-rich compound used by all types of cells as basic energy source.

Front 40

ADP

Back 40

2 Phosphate groups.

Front 41

How stored energy in ATP is released:

Back 41

Breaking chemicals bonds between 2nd & 3rd phosphates, removing it & making ADP.

Front 42

Photosynthesis

Back 42

Process in which green plants use energy of sunlight to convert H2O & CO2 into high-energy carbs & O2.

Front 43

Van Helmont

Back 43

What increased mass of plant.

Front 44

Priestley

Back 44

O2 was needed, in candle & jar.

Front 45

Jan Ingenhousz

Back 45

Light was needed for plants to produce O2.

Front 46

Photosynthesis Equation

Back 46

CO2 + H2O --light--> C6H12O6 + O2

Front 47

Chlorophyll

Back 47

Main pigment in plants; absorbs light well in blue-violet & red regions of visible spectrum. Required by photosynthesis. (a & b)

Reflect green light, causing leaves to appear green.

Front 48

Pigments

Back 48

Light-absorbing molecules which plants gather sun's energy with.

Front 49

What energy absorbed by chlorophyll is mostly transferred to:

Back 49

Electrons on chlorophyll molecule, raising energy levels of electrons.

Front 50

Chloroplast

Back 50

What photosynthesis takes place in.

Front 51

Thylakoids

Back 51

Saclike photosynthesis membranes in chloroplast.

Arranged in stacks called grans.

Green bc contain chlorophyll.

Front 52

Photosystems

Back 52

Proteins in thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll & other pigments into clusters.

Front 53

What electron carriers to for cells:

Back 53

Transport high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules.

Front 54

NADP+

Back 54

Carrier molecule that transports electrons in photosynthesis.

Holds 2 high-energy electrons w/ H+, which converts to NADPH.

H ion carries stored energy to help build sugar.

Front 55

Light-Dependent Reactions

Back 55

Produce O2 & converts ADP & NADP+ into energy carriers ATP & NADPH.

Photosystem II.

1st process is light absorption, which takes places w/in thylakoid membranes.

Front 56

Calvin Cycle/Light-Indepedent Reactions

Back 56

Takes place in stroma.

Produces H2O & sugars from ATP & NADPH from light-dependent reactions.

Photosystem I/Dark Reaction.

ADP & NADP+

Front 57

Calorie

Back 57

Amount of energy needed to raise temp pf 1g of H2O by 1C.

Front 58

Cellular Respiration

Back 58

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose/food molecules in presence of O2.

Water is waste product.

Aerobic Process bc it requires O2.

Front 59

Glycolysis

Back 59

1st step in releasing energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.

Doesn't require O2.

NAD+ converts to NADH.

Takes place in cytoplasm of cell.

Front 60

What Glycolysis produces:

Back 60

2 Pyruvic Acid molecules

2 ATP molecules (Net gain)

1 NADH molecule

Front 61

Fermentation

Back 61

Different pathway following glycolysis when O2 isn't present.

Anaerobic process, bc doesn't require O2.

2 ATP molecules formed.

Releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in absence of O2.

Front 62

Alcoholic Fermentation

Back 62

Yeasts & other microorganisms use forming ethyl alcohol & CO2 as wastes.

Yields alcoholic molecules & CO2 molecules.

Front 63

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Back 63

Regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue.

Yields lactic acid molecules.

One cause of muscle soreness.

Has occurred if sign of high level of lactic acid in blood.

Front 64

Parts of Lactic Acid Fermentation equation:

Back 64

Pt 1: Glycolysis

P1 2: Conversion of pyretic acid to lactic acid.

Front 65

Pyruvic Acid in Krebs Cycle & Electron Transport

Back 65

Broken into CO2.

Product of Glycolysis.

Reactant & starting molecule for Krebs Cycle.

Front 66

What electron transport chain uses to convert ADP to ATP:

Back 66

High-energy electrons from Krebs cycle.

Front 67

How many ATP molecules Glycolysis produces:

Back 67

2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

Front 68

How many ATP molecules are produced from 1 molecule of glucose as a result of Cellular Respiration?

Back 68

36 ATP molecules

Front 69

Binomial Nomenclature

Back 69

Naming system developed by Carolus Linnaeus where names have 2-parts.

1st is genus, 2nd is species.

Front 70

Taxonomic categories of Linnaeus's Classification System:

Back 70

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Front 71

Phylogeny

Back 71

Study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Front 72

Why scientists classify different species into same genus:

Back 72

They share recent common ancestors.

Front 73

Derived Characters

Back 73

Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage, but not in its older members.

Used to construct cladogram

Front 74

What are considered in Cladistic Analysis?

Back 74

Evolutionary innovations & Derive characters

Front 75

Cladistic Analysis traces:

Back 75

Process of evolution by focusing on features.

Front 76

Molecular Clock

Back 76

Uses DNA comparisons to estimate length of time that 2 species have been evolving independently.

Front 77

Synapomorphies

Back 77

Unique features that appear in some organisms but not in others.

Front 78

6 Kingdoms

Back 78

Monera (Archaebacteria & Eubacteria)

Protista

Fungi

Planta

Animalia

Front 79

3 Domain Systems

Back 79

Eukarya

Bacteria

Archea

Fundamental differences between 2 groups of prokaryotes.

Front 80

Domain Bacteria

Back 80

Unicellular prokaryotes.

Eubacteria kingdom.

Cells walls contain peptidoglycan.

Front 81

Domain Archea

Back 81

Unicellular prokaryotes.

Archaebacteria kingdom.

Live in extreme environments.

Cell walls lack peptidoglycan.

Front 82

Domain Eukarya

Back 82

Have nucleus.

Membrane-bound organelles.

Protista, fungi, plantae, & animalia kingdoms.

Front 83

Protista

Back 83

Eukaryotic organisms.

Uni & Multi cellular are grouped together bc they're so similar.

Photosynthetic or Heterotrophic.

Shares characteristics w/ plants, fungi, animals, but not in kingdoms.

Front 84

Fungi

Back 84

Eukaryotic.

Heterotrophs.

Cell Walls of chitin.

Non-motile.

All but Yeasts are Multicellular.

All made up of Hyphae.

Reproduce Sexual & Asexual.

Outside cells absorb food & digest.

Front 85

Plantae

Back 85

Photosynthetic autotrophs

Non-motile

Multicellular

Cell walls contain cellulose

Front 86

Animalia

Back 86

Heterotrophs

Multicellular

Front 87

2 Prokaryote Kingdoms

Back 87

Eubacteria

Archaebacteria

Front 88

Eubacteria

Back 88

Have cell wall.

Contains peptidoglycan

Live in a variety of environments

Front 89

Archaebacteria

Back 89

Cell walls don't have peptidoglycan.

DNA is more like eukaryotes. (Ancestors)

Live in extreme environments.

Include methanogens if live in O2-free environments.

Front 90

Identify Prokaryotes by:

Back 90

Shape

Chemical nature of their cell walls

How they move (locomotion)

How they obtain energy

Front 91

Gram staining

Back 91

Tells the 2 types of cell walls in a prokaryote, eubacteria

Front 92

Gram-positive

Back 92

Thick walls w/ large amounts of peptidoglycan.

Stain turns violet.

Front 93

Gram-negative

Back 93

Thinner walls inside outer layer.

Stain turns pink/red.

Front 94

Prokaryote

Back 94

Single-celled organism w/ no distinct nucleus w/ membrane.

Hetero or Autotroph

Front 95

Facultative Anaerobes

Back 95

Bacteria that can survive w/ or w/out oxygen.

Front 96

Binary Fission

Back 96

Asexual reproduction.

DNA divides in half.

Bacteria reproduce.

Front 97

Conjugation

Back 97

Hollow bridge forms b/w

Genes move to other cell

Front 98

Endospore

Back 98

Forms when bacterium produces thick internal wall that encloses DNA & some cytoplasm.

Front 99

Bacteria Uses:

Back 99

Carries out photosynthesis.

Fixes nitrogen.

Recycles nutrients.

Produces.

Decomposes.

Human uses.

Front 100

Virus

Back 100

Particles of nucleic acid, protein, & sometimes lipids.

Not a form of life.

Reproduce by infecting living cells.

Front 101

Viruses Composed of:

Back 101

Core of DNA or RNA surrounded by protein coat/capsid.

Front 102

Virus Reproduces by:

Back 102

Infecting living cell

Front 103

Capsid

Back 103

Virus's protein coat

Front 104

Lytic Infection

Back 104

Virus enters cell, makes copy of self, bursts cell.

Front 105

Lysogenic Infection

Back 105

DNA of virus embeds in host cell & replicates w/ host DNA

Front 106

Bacteriophage

Back 106

Virus that infects bacteria

Front 107

Prophage

Back 107

Lysogenic viral DNA that was embedded

Front 108

Retrovirus

Back 108

Virus that contains RNA

Front 109

Phyla of Animal-like Protists:

Back 109

Zoo-flagellates

Sarcodines

Ciliophora (Ciliates)

Sporozoan

Front 110

Zoo-flagellates

Back 110

Use flagella to move

Front 111

Sarcodines

Back 111

Use pseudopods to move & for feeding

Front 112

Amoeboid Movement

Back 112

Locomotion where cytoplasm streams into pseudopod that extended out of central mass of cell & causes rest of cell to follow.

Front 113

Ciliophora (Ciliates)

Back 113

Cilia for movement & feeding

Contain 2 nuclei (Macro & Micro)

Front 114

Cilia

Back 114

Short hairlike projections that propel cell.

Front 115

Sporozoan

Back 115

Parasitic.

Don't move on own.

Front 116

Malaria

Back 116

Caused by sporozoan Plasmodium, carried by female Anopheles mosquito.

Front 117

Macronucleus

Back 117

Larger in ciliate protozoans.

Control all cell functions except reproduction.

Front 118

Micronucleus

Back 118

Smaller.

Controls reproductive functions.

Front 119

Conjugation

Back 119

Allows paramecium to exchange genetic material w/ other individuals.

Front 120

Ecological Role of Animal-like Protists:

Back 120

Live symbiotically w/in other organisms.

Recycle nutrients.

Live in water (Food for larger animals.)

Front 121

Chitin

Back 121

Complex carb in cell walls fungi.

In exoskeletons of insects.

Front 122

Mycelium

Back 122

Body of typical fungus, hyphae tangled into thick mass of filaments.

Front 123

Fungi Asexual

Back 123

Hyphae break off & grow on own

Front 124

Fungi Sexual

Back 124

Involves + & - mating types.

Front 125

Spores

Back 125

Produces by some fungi which scatter & grow in some fungi.

Front 126

Sporangia

Back 126

Structures in which spores are produced.

Front 127

Sporangiophores

Back 127

Specialized hyphae which sporangia are produced at tips of.

Front 128

Seed Plant Groups

Back 128

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Front 129

Gymnosperms

Back 129

Naked seed.

Bear seeds directly on surface of cones.

Front 130

Angiosperms

Back 130

Flowering plants.

Bear seeds w/in layer of tissue that protects seed.

Produce seeds inside protective structures: ovaries.

Front 131

What allows Seed Plants to reproduce w/out water:

Back 131

Flowers & Cones.

Transfer of sperm by Pollination.

Protection of Embryos in seeds.

Front 132

Seed

Back 132

Embryo of plant encased in protective covering & surrounded by food supply.

Front 133

Embryo

Back 133

Organism in early stage of development.

Front 134

Gymnosperms Groups:

Back 134

Gnetophytes

Cycads

Ginkgoes

Conifers (Most Common)

Front 135

What happens when angiosperm seeds mature:

Back 135

Ovary walls thicken.

Form fruit that encloses developing seeds.

Front 136

Seeds dispersed by animals:

Back 136

Fleshy fruit

Tough coated seed

Front 137

Seeds dispersed by wind/water:

Back 137

Lightweight

Winglike structure

Front 138

Dormancy

Back 138

Embyro is alive but not growing.

Temperature & moisture cause to end & germinate.

Front 139

Dormancy can be adaptive:

Back 139

Allows for long-distance dispersal.

To germinate under ideal growth conditions.

Front 140

Germination

Back 140

Early growth stage of plant embryo.

Seeds absorb water which causes food-storing tissues to swell & crack open seed coat.

Front 141

Tropism

Back 141

Response of plants to environmental stimuli.

Front 142

Tropism Types:

Back 142

Phototropism

Geotropism

Thigmotropism

Front 143

Phototropism

Back 143

Response to light

Front 144

Geotropism

Back 144

Response to earth

Front 145

Thigmotropism

Back 145

Response to touch

Front 146

Photoperiodism

Back 146

Response for timing of flowering & growth

Front 147

How plants prepare for winter:

Back 147

Deciduous plants stop photosynthetic pathways.

Transport materials from leaves to roots & seal off leaves from rest of plant.

Front 148

Function of Immune System

Back 148

Fight infection through immunity.

Front 149

Immunity

Back 149

Production of cells that inactivate foreign substances or cells.

Front 150

1st Line of Defense

Back 150

Skin.

Most important nonspecific defense.

Front 151

2nd Line of Defense

Back 151

Inflammatory response

Front 152

Antigen

Back 152

Immune response triggered by substance.

Front 153

Antibody

Back 153

Recognizes & binds to antigens to overcome infection.

Proteins destroy pathogens.

Produce plasma cells.

Front 154

Active Immunity

Back 154

Reacts to vaccine.

Exposure to Antigen.

Permanent.

Front 155

Passive Immunity

Back 155

Antibodies from another animal injected into a body.

Body eventually destroys foreign antibodies.

Temporary.

Front 156

Centrifuge

Back 156

Instrument used to separate cell parts according to density.

Front 157

The work of Schleiden:

Back 157

All plants are made of cells.

Front 158

The work of Schwann:

Back 158

All animals are made of cells.

Front 159

Cells are categorized on whether or not they have a:

Back 159

Nucleus (Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic)

Front 160

Granum

Back 160

Stack of Thylakoids.

Front 161

If CO2 is removed from plant't environment:

Back 161

Plant produces no sugars, bc they need CO2.

Front 162

When light intensity that plant receives increases:

Back 162

Rate of photosynthesis increases & levels off.

Front 163

Stages of Cellular Respiration:

Back 163

Glycolysis

Krebs Cycle

Electron Transport

Front 164

Krebs Cycle produces what during in 1 turn:

Back 164

Electron carriers FADH & NADH+

Front 165

What passes high-energy electrons into electron transport chain:

Back 165

NADH

FADH2

Front 166

Breathing heavily after running a race is body's way of:

Back 166

Repaying O2 debt, bc muscles require energy.

Front 167

Which kingdoms did Linnaeus recognize:

Back 167

Plants

Animals

Front 168

Humans & Yeasts have:

Back 168

Similar genes for assembly of certain yeasts.

(Same DNA/RNA to code.)

Front 169

Kingdoms in 1800s:

Back 169

Animals

Plants

Protists

Front 170

Cocci

Back 170

Spherical Prokaryotes.

Front 171

Spirilla

Back 171

Spiral shaped bacteria.

Front 172

Bacilli

Back 172

Rod shaped bacteria.

Front 173

According to Lynn Margulis:

Back 173

Eukaryotic cells may have evolved from a symbiosis of several cells.

Front 174

Seed that is dispersed to an area far away from parent plant might face less:

Back 174

Competition

Front 175

Growth patterns of plants such as ivy & pole beans are regulated by:

Back 175

Gravitropism

Phototropism

Thigmotropism

Front 176

Abscission Layer

Back 176

What seals a leaf off from rest of plant:

Front 177

Inflammatory response can cause:

Back 177

Pain (Caused by destruction of bacteria by WBC.)

Swelling

Fever

Front 178

If skin is cut or broken, an infection can result from:

Back 178

Microorganisms on the skin.

Front 179

Robert Hooke

Back 179

1st person to identify & see cells.

Front 180

Stroma

Back 180

Space that surrounds thylakoids.

Front 181

Thylakoid Membrane

Back 181

Where are Photosystems I & II found (granum)

Front 182

In Eukaryotes, electron transport occurs in:

Back 182

Mitochondria

Front 183

Evolutionary Classification

Back 183

Procedure of grouping organisms based on their evolutionary history over physical.

Front 184

Which Kingdoms are Eukaryotes?

Back 184

Animalia

Plantae

Protista

Fungi

Monera is prokaryote

Front 185

Mushroom is a:

Back 185

Fungal Fruiting Body

Front 186

Annuals

Back 186

Flowering plants that complete a life cycle within a single growing season.

Front 187

Body's nonspecific defences against invading pathogens:

Back 187

Mucus

Sweat

Tears

Front 188

Electron Transport Chain

Back 188

Series of carrier proteins

Front 189

Body gets rid of lactic acid in a chemical pathway that:

Back 189

Requires O2

Front 190

Organelle

Back 190

Structure that acts as if they are specialized organs.

Front 191

Chromosomes

Back 191

Distinct threadlike structures containing genetic info.

Front 192

Mitochondrion

Back 192

Organelle which converts chemical energy in food into a form that cells can use.

Where Krebs Cycle takes place.

Front 193

Substance that moves across a cell membrane w/out using cell's energy tends to move:

Back 193

away from area where it is more concentrated.

Front 194

Stomata

Back 194

Cell which helps in gas exchange in plants.

Front 195

Factors that effect rate at which photosynthesis occurs:

Back 195

Temp

H2O available

Light amount intensity

Front 196

Taxonomy

Back 196

Science that specializes in classification of organisms.

Front 197

Cladogram

Back 197

Shows evolutionary relationships among group of organisms.

Constructed by derived characteristics.

Focuses on unique shared features in classification.

Front 198

Cyanobacteria

Back 198

Bacteria that contain chlorophyll a.

Front 199

Nitrogen Fixation

Back 199

Process of converting nitrogen into a form plants can use.

Front 200

Pathogen

Back 200

Disease-causing organism.

Front 201

Gametangium

Back 201

Hyphae forms when opposite types of fungi meet.

Front 202

Male Gametophyte of seed plant:

Back 202

Contained in pollen grains.

Front 203

Interferon

Back 203

Protein that helps other cells resist viral infection.

Front 204

Antibiotics

Back 204

Interfere w/ cellular processes of bacteria by killing them.

Front 205

Si Unit for Mass & Volume:

Back 205

Kg - Kilogram

M^3 - Cubic Meter

Front 206

Traditional Classification/Taxonomic Nomenclature is based on:

Back 206

Obvious similarities.

Front 207

Monocot & Dicot

Back 207

A flowering plant w/ embryo that bears:

1 Cotyledon (Seed Leaf).

2 Cotyledons (Seed Leaves).

Front 208

Fungi

Back 208

Heterotrophs.

Non-motile.

Multi or Unicellular.

Front 209

Plantae

Back 209

Photosynthetic autotrophs.

Non-motile.

Multicellular.

Cell walls contain cellulose.

Front 210

Animalia

Back 210

Heterotrophs.

Multicellular.