Biology 3 Cell Structure And Function

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capsule

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gelatinous layer surrounding the cells of blue-green algae and certain bacteria

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cell theory

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one of the major theories of biology; states that all organisms are made up of cells and that cells are capable of self-reproduction and come only from preexisting cells

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cellular respiration

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metabolic reactions that use energy from carbohydrate, fatty acid, or amino acid breakdown to produce ATP molecules

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centriole

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cell organelle, exisitng in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division

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centrosome

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central microtubule organizing center of cells. In animal cells, it contains two centrioles

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chloroplast

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membranous organelle that contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis

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chromatin

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network of fibrils consisting of DNA and associated proteins observed wihtin a nucleus that is not dividing

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chromosome

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rodlike structure in the nucleus seen during cell division; containsthe hereditary units, or genes

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cilium

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motile, short, hairlike extensions on the exposed surfaces of cells

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cell wall

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structure that surrounds a plant, protistan, fungal,or bacterial cell and maintains the cell's shape and rigidity

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cristae

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short, fingerlike projections formed by the folding of the inner membrane of mitochondria

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cytoplasm

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contents of a cell between the nuceul and the plasma membrane that contains the organelles

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cytoskeleton

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internal framework of the cell, consisting of microtubules, actin filaments, and itnermediate filaments

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endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs, in cells, sometimes having attached ribosomes. Rough ER has ribosomes; smooth ER does not.

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endosymbiotic theory

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possible explanation for the evolution of eukaryotic organelles by phagocytosis of prokaryotes

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eukaryotic cell

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type of cell that has a membrane-bounded nucleus and organelles, found in organisms within the domain Eukarya

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fimbriae

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fingerlike extension from the oviduct near the ovary

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flagellum

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long, slender extension used for locomotion by some bacteria, protozoans, and sperm

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Golgi apparatus

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organelle, consisting of flattend saccules and also vesicles, that processes, packages, and distributes molecules within or from the cell

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granum

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stack of chlroophyll-containing thylakoids in a chloroplast

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lysosome

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membrane-bounded vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for digesting macromolecules

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matrix

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unstructure semifluid substance that fills the space between cells in connective tissues or inside organelles

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mitochondrion

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membrane-bounded organelle in which ATP molecules are produced during the process of cellular respiration

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motor molecule

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proteins that attach to cytoskeletal elements and allow for cell/organelle movement

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nuclear envelope

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double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and is continuous with the enoplasmic reticulum

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nuclear pore

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opening in the nuclear envelope that permits the passage of proteins into the nucleus and ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus

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nucleoid

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region of prokaryotic cells wher DNA is located; it is not bounded by a nuclear envelope

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nucleolus

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Dark-staining, spherical body in the nucleus that produces ribosomoal subunits

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nucleoplasm

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semifluid medium of the nucleus containing chromatin

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nucleus

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membrane-bounded organelle wihtin a eukaryotic cell that contains chromosomes and controls the structure and function of the cell

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organelle

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small, often membranous structure in the cytoplasm having a specific structure and function

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peroxisome

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enzyme-filled vesicle in which fatty acids and amino acids are metabolized to hydrogen peroxide that is then broken down to harmless products

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photosynthesis

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process by which plants and algae make their own food using the energy of the sun

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plasma membrane

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membrane surrouding the cytoplasm that consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; regulates the entrance and exit of molecules from the cell

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plasmid

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self-duplicating ring of accessory DNA inthe cytoplasm of bacteria

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polyribosome

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string of ribosomes simultaneously translating regions of the same mRNA strand during protein synthesis

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prokayotic cell

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lacking a membrane-bounded nucleus and organelles; (ARCHAEA AND BACTERIA)

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ribosome

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RNA and protein in two subunits; site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

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secretion

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release of a substance by exocytosis from a cell that may be a gland or part of a gland

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slime layer

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gelatinous sheath surrounding the cell walls of certain bacteria

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stroma

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fluid within a chloroplast that contains enzymes involed in the synthesis of carbohydrates during photosynthesis

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thylakoid

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flattened sac within a granum whose membrane contains chlorophyll and where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur

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vacuole

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membrane-bounded sac that holds fluid and a variety of other substances

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vesicle

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small, membrane-bounded sac that stores substances within a cell