Biology 2C Exam Ii

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Most of the mass of wood came from...

Back 1

Carbon dioxide in air

Front 2

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(T/F) Plants need Oxygen to survive

Back 2

True

Front 3

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What are Vegetative Advances?

Back 3

Part of plants that are non-reproductive

Front 4

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Different modes of cytokinesis amongst Plantae

Back 4

Phycoplast
-cell plate with one pore

Phragmoplast
-cell plate w/ plasmodesmata

Front 5

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What is a disadvantage of having a plasmodesmata?

Back 5

viruses can move from cell to cell and infect entire plant

Front 6

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Apical Growth

Back 6

Growth promoted by the apical Meristem region of plants (at the root and shoot tips)

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Oogamy

Back 7

separate egg (large gametes) and sperm (small gametes)

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Spore

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reproductive cell that is not a gamete

created from zygote going under meiosis

undergoes mitosis to make multicellular haploid organism

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Alternation in Generation

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alternates between two multicellular generation (haploid v diploid)

gametophyte is produced by mitosis and cytokinesis of a spore

spores are haploid

gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis

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3 Possibilities of Eukaryotic Sexual Life Cycle

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Alternation in Generation

Unicellular haploid/Multicellular diploid

Multicellular haploid/Unicellular diploid

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Angiosperms

Back 11

Flowering Plants

Front 12

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Bryophytes are also called...

Back 12

non-vascular plants

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Are Bryophytes a monophyletic group?

Back 13

no

Paraphyletic

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Embryophytes are also called...

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Land Plants

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Cuticle

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waxy layer that covers entire organism

keeps it from drying out

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Rhizoids

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Root-like filament of gametophyte

Anchors self to substrate & absorbs nutrients

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Mycorrhizae

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mutual symbiosis with fungi and rhizoid

mycorr = fungus
rhizae = root

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Stomata

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open pores--plant can control
-surrounded by guard cells

only in diploid life cycle

typically underside of leaves

gas exchange--Co2 in, O2 out

only happen through diffusion--relatively small

Front 19

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Which statement about adaptations to plant life on land is true?

a. cuticle was one of the last features to appear
b. first land plants appeared less than 300MYA
c. land plants have thin spore walls
d. all plants develop from embryos

Back 19

d. all plants develop from embryos

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Tracheophytes are also called...

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Vascular Plants

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Xylem

Back 21

Material: water & minerals

Direction: Roots to Leaves
-1 direction

Pressure: Negative
-as water evaporates out, causes negative pressure
-water: H-bonding makes it cohesive

*doesn't use metabolic energy--mainly sunlight
*xylem cells are dead, otherwise negative pressure would cause the cell membranes to collapse

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Phloem

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Material: Assimilates

Direction: Source to Sink
-Can change

Pressure: Positive

*uses metabolic energy--actively put sugars into phloem, water goes in

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Xylem: Tracheids

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last step of development: death
-cell walls remain

pits let water move freely from cell to cell

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Xylem: Vessel Elements

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Front 25

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Phloem: Sieve Tube Elements

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Companion cell
-occurs at its last division
-has nucleus, unlike the sieve tube

Front 26

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Developing wine grapes would be an example of a:

(Source/Sink)

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Sink

Source: leaves

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(T/F)
Vascular Plants have branching, independent sporophytes

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True

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Homospory

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Heterospory

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Front 30

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Evidence for ferns, whisk ferns and horsetails all belonging to the clade that includes seed plants include

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Presence of chloroplast DNA inversion

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(T/F)
Seed Plants are Monophyletic

Back 31

True

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gymnosperm means...

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Naked Seed

Front 33

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Explain how secondary xylem & phloem works.

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Primary growth
-grows taller

Secondary Growth
-grows wider

in, out, in, out

Xylem inside
Phloem outside

stem has to get thicker

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(T/F)
Secondary Xylem is wood

Back 34

True

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What consists of the bark?

Back 35

Vascular cambium and on outwards (eg. contains phloem)

does not include xylem

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What is Seed Dormancy?

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period of suspended developmental activity

Maintained by:
•exclusion of water or oxygen
•mechanical restraint
•chemical/hormonal factors

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A major advance/feature that evolved in the seed plants is...

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water is no longer directly required for fertilization
-sperm can be delivered directly to egg

Front 38

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The innermost structure in a seed is...

Back 38

sporophyte

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(T/F)
Vessels only occur in gnetophytes and angiosperms

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true

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The presence of vessel elements in both Gnetophytes and flowering is an example of...

Back 40

convergent evolution

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A

Back 41

Two Flagella

Endosymbiosis with Cyanobacterium (Chlorophyll A, Phycobilins, Peptidoglycan in Cyanophora Wall)

Cellulose Cell Wall

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B

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Loss of peptidoglycan

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C

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Loss of Flagella

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D

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Chlorophyll B

Loss of Phycobilins

Starch stored in Chloroplast

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A

Back 45

Filaments

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B

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Oogamy

Branched Filaments

Apical Growth

Phragmoplast, Plasmodesmata

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(T/F)
Even if fossils don't affect inferred molecular relationships among living groups, they can show intermediate morphologies and the order of origin of synapomorphies

Back 47

True

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What groups does Streptophytes include?

Back 48

Non-Chlorophyte Green Algae

Coleochaetales

Charales

Land Plants

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A

Back 49

Phragmoplast

Branched Filaments

Apical Growth

Oogamy

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B

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VEGETATIVE
-Cuticle
-Rhizoids
-Mycorrhizae

REPRODUCTIVE
-Alternation of Generation: Origin of Sporophyte
-Antheridia & Archegonia
-Sporangia
-Air-Dispersed Spores

Front 51

C

Back 51

Stomata

Front 52

D

Back 52

Leaves on Gametophyte

Front 53

E

Back 53

Green Sporophyte

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F

Back 54

Branched Sporophyte

Vascular Tissue

Front 55

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Antheridia

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A sperm-producing organ occurring in seedless plants, fungi, and algae.

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Archegonia

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A multicellular, often flask-shaped, egg-producing organ occurring in mosses, ferns, and most gymnosperms.

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What are Jacket Cells?

Back 57

vegetative

protects the gametes against desiccation in the terrestrial environment.

Front 58

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How do air-dispersed spores survive?

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Spore Tetrad
-4 spores stuck together

Surrounded by Sporopollenin
-protects from dry air

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Compare Rhyniophyte & Typical Angiosperm

Back 59

Front 60

A

Back 60

Roots

Axillary Sporangia

Microphylls

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B

Back 61

Lateral Sporangia

Front 62

C

Back 62

Typical Tracheids

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D

Back 63

Branched Sporophyte

Vascular Tissue

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E

Back 64

Multiflagellate Sperm

Chlorplast DNA Inversion

Overtopping (Leaves derived from branches)

Roots

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F

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Secondary Growth
-Secondary Xylem, Phloem, periderm

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G

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Axillary Branching

Seeds

Compound Leaves

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Genes in the DNA are ___ into mRNA and ___ into proteins

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transcribed

translated

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(T/F)
Genes are expressed in specific places where required

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True

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Genes for Leaf Development

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KNOX genes
-expressed at the tips of stems
-promote indeterminate growth

ARP genes
-expressed in leaves
-turn off KNOX
-promote determinate leaf growth

Same genes used in independently evolved leaves

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(T/F)
"Advanced streptophytes" evolved fundamental cellular functions common to all plants

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True

EX: Chlorophyll A, Phagmoplast

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(T/F)
“Advanced streptophytes” had a haploid life cycle that was modified in land plants to include both diploid and haploid multicellular stages.

Back 71

True

ALTERATION OF GENERATION

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(T/F)
Land plants evolved features associated with survival and reproduction in the aerial environment

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True

EX: Cuticle, Stomata

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(T/F)
Evolution of land plants saw progressive reduction of the gametophyte generation and increasing dominence of the sporophyte generation.

Back 73

True

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(T/F)
Charles Darwin found Apical Perception. Frits Went found Sub-Apical Response

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True

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Explain Axillary branching in seed plants

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hormone comes from tip that prevents axillary branches

in axials of leaves are dormant meristems
-branching occurs here

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(T/F)
Cycad seeds have multiflagellated sperm

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True

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(T/F)
Ginkgo have dichotomous veins

Back 77

True

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What is a Bracht?

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Modified Leaf

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What is a Male Cone?

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Simple strobilus

Stem with sporophylls

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What is a Female Cone?

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Compound strobilus

Stem with leaves, fertile branches

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(T/F)
Largest and most diverse clade within the Plantae clade is Angiosperms

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True

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Angiosperm Life Cycle

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Front 83

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In seed plants, the ovule...

Back 83

contains female gametophyte

contains female sporoganium

when mature is called a seed
--
structures that will become seeds

contain outer protective coverings called integuments & a megasporangium within the integuments

Within the megasporangium, megaspores are produced by meiosis. The megaspores produce megagametophytes, which, in turn, produce eggs.

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(T/F)
Angiosperms also mean Vessel Seeds

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True

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Angiosperms are essential to humans for...

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Food

Clothing and Shelter

Medicine

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Carpals and Double Fertilization are one of the key features of...

Back 86

Angiosperms

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Carpals

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female part of the plant which produce fruit once pollination has taken place. The fruit contains seeds

stigma -> top where it gets pollen, style -> pollen travels down, ovary -> where fruit is formed

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D

Back 88

Flowers

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E

Back 89

Simple Leaves

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F

Back 90

Nonmotile Sperm

Front 91

G & H

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Vessels & Opposite Leaves

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A

Back 92

Carpals
1. Stigma
2. Style
3. Ovary

4. Ovule

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B

Back 93

petal

Front 94

C

Back 94

Stamen

5. Anther
6. Filament

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D

Back 95

Sepal

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E

Back 96

Receptacle = Floral Axis

Front 97

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Sepals + Petals =

Back 97

Perianth

Front 98

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Carpal and Stamen Evolution

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Front 99

A

Back 99

Carpels

Endosperm

Seeds in Fruit

Reduced Gametophytes

Double Fertilization

Flowers

Phloem with Companion Cells

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B

Back 100

Transitional Tracheid Vessel Elements

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C

Back 101

Vessel Elements

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D

Back 102

Carpels fused by tissue connection

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E

Back 103

Perianth of 2 Whorls

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F

Back 104

Single Cotyledon

Loss Secondary Growth

Parallel Veins

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G

Back 105

Pollen with 3 grooves

Front 106

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Conifer Tracheids v. Angiosperm Vessels and Fibers

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Front 107

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Angiosperm Gametophytes

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Front 108

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(T/F)
In angiosperms, the seed comes from the ovule and fruit from the ovary

Back 108

True

Ovary is lower portion of the carpal or pistil

After fertilization, the ovary enlarges and becomes the fruit

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Angiosperms:
Multiple seeds mean that the flower had...

Back 109

Multiple ovules

Front 110

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Accessory Fruits

Back 110

Organs other than ovary contributes to fruit

EX: Strawberry
-Ea "seed" is a fruitlet, complete with mature ovary wall

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Double fertilization refers to the process in angiosperms whereby...

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1st sperm nucleus unites with the egg to form the 2N zygote to make EMBRYO.

2nd sperm unites with the two nuclei in embryo sac to make 3N nucleus of the cell from which the ENDOSPERM develops

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Multiple Fruit

Back 112

Many Flowers, One Fruit

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Ethylene

Back 113

Promotes fruit ripening

Front 114

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Fruits provide important mechanisms of ...

Back 114

seed dispersal

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Monocots v. Eudicots

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Front 116

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Eudicots

Back 116

Many have compound leaves

Most have fused petals

EX: Rosidae, Asteridae

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A

Back 117

Flagellum, if present, is single and posterior

Front 118

B

Back 118

Absorptive heterotrophy

Chitin in cell walls

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Opposed to plants (producers), fungi--along with animals and bacteria--are...

Back 119

consumers and decomposers

(CH2O) + O2 --> CO2 + H2O

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Saprobes

Back 120

Live on dead organic matter

Front 121

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Fungi have ____ in their cell wall

Back 121

chitin

Front 122

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Fungi grow by...

Back 122

Tip growth of hyphae, which is made up of mycelium

Front 123

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Fungi live by...

Back 123

Absorptive Heterotrophy

-smaller diameter = higher SA:V to absorb nutrients from the environment

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Dikarya hyphae fungi have...

Back 124

septum

-has 2 nuclei
-does not have complete cell wall
-large pores

OPPOSED to Coenocytic hyphae
-if chopped, it can close itself off better

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A

Back 125

Plasmogamy precedes karyogamy

Front 126

B

Back 126

Loss of motile cells

Terrestrial

Front 127

C

Back 127

gene sequences support monophyly

Front 128

D

Back 128

Dikaryon stage

Septate hyphae

Front 129

E

Back 129

Loss of motile cells

Front 130

F

Back 130

Form mycorrhizae

Front 131

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(T/F)
In Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, no sexual life cycle is ever observed

Back 131

True

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Microsporidia

Back 132

Intracellular parasites of animals

Greatly reduced, among smallest eukaryotes known

Polar tube used to infect hosts

Front 133

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Chytrids

Back 133

PARAPHYLETIC

Mostly aquatic & microscopic

Zoospores have flagella

Alternation in Generation

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Zygomycota

Back 134

Reproductive structure is a unicellular zygospore with many diploid nuclei in a zygosporangium

No regularly occuring septa

Usually no fleshy fruiting body

Front 135

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Glomeromycota

Back 135

Form arbuscular mycorrhizae on plant roots

Only asexual reproduction is known

Front 136

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Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)

Back 136

Sexual reproductive saclike structure known as an ascus, which contains haploid ascospores

Perforated septa

Dikaryon

Front 137

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Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)

Back 137

Sexual reproductive structure is a basidium, a swollen cell at the tip of a specialized hypha that supports haploid basidiospores

Perforated septa

Dikaryon

Front 138

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Generalized Life Cycle of Dikarya

Back 138

(just notice that there is a dikaryotic cycle)

Front 139

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What is Plasmogamy?

Back 139

stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi

CYTOPLASM of two parent mycelia fuse together without the fusion of nuclei

Front 140

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What is Karyogamy?

Back 140

fusion of NUCLEI of sperm/egg of two cells during fertilization

Front 141

A

Back 141

Yeasts

Secondarily unicellular

Front 142

B

Back 142

Ascocarp

Front 143

C

Back 143

Ascus

Conidia/Budding?

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Conidia

Back 144

asexual spore-producing structures

Front 145

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Ergot

Back 145

Ascomycete that infects rye

Eating bread made from infected rye causes ergotism (St. Anthony's Fire)

-gangrene
-hallucinations
-miscarriages

Source of useful medicines
-ergotomine
-ergonovine:labor-inducing

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Cordyceps

Back 146

Ascomycetes

parasitic on insects

Front 147

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Arthrobotrys

Back 147

euascomycete predator of nematodes

Front 148

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Lichens

Back 148

Symbiosis involving a cyanobacterium or alga and a fungus often (not always) an Ascomycete

-crustose
-fruiticose
-foliose

Front 149

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Basidiomyocota

Back 149

Front 150

1,2,3,4,5

Back 150

1. Streptophytes
2. Embryophytes
3. Tracheophytes
4. Euphyllophytes
5. Seed Plants

Front 151

6: A, B

Back 151

6. Charophycean Algae

A: Coleochaete
B: Chara

Front 152

7: C, D, E

Back 152

7. Bryophytes

C: liverworts
D: mosses
E: hornworts

Front 153

8: F, G

Back 153

8. Seedless Vascular Plants

F: Lycophytes (lycopodium, selaginella)
G: monilophytes (ferns, Psilotum, Equisetum)

Front 154

9: H,I,J,K

Back 154

9. Gymnosperms

H: cycads
I: Ginkgo
J: conifers
K: gnetophytes

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10

Back 155

Angiosperms

Front 156

12

Back 156

Apical growth with 1 cutting face

Front 157

13,14,15,16,17,18

Back 157

13. Apical Cell with 2+ cutting faces

14. Alternation of Heteromorphic Generations

15. Multicellular Embryo

16. Unbranched Sporophyte with Sporangium with Sterile Jacket

17. Multicellular Gametangia with Sterile Jackets

18. Cuticle, Stomates

Front 158

19,20,21

Back 158

19. Tracheids

20. Dominant, branched sporophyte

21. Reduced gametophyte

EXTRA: lateral sporangia, vascular tissue

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22,23

Back 159

22. Microphylls

23. Heterospory in some

Front 160

24,25

Back 160

24. Chloroplast DNA inversion

25. Megaphylls (evolved multiple times)

EXTRA: Multiflagellate Sperm, Leaves derived from branches, Roots

Front 161

26,27

Back 161

26. Loss of roots in Psilotum

27. Reduced megaphylls in some

Front 162

28,29,30,31,32

Back 162

28. Apical meristem

29. Bifacial vascular cambium

30. Heterospory

31. Pollen with pollen tube

32. Integument, ovule, seed

Front 163

33

Back 163

Loss of Swimming Sperm

Front 164

34

Back 164

Double Fertilization

Front 165

35,36,37,38

Back 165

35. Carpel, fruit

36. Loss of swimming sperm

37. Double fertilization

38. Endosperm

EXTRA: Flowers

Front 166

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Sporophyll

Back 166

Sporangia bearing leaf (not vegetative)

Front 167

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Strobilus

Back 167

collection of sporophylls

Front 168

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Angiosperm Sporophylls: Megasporophylls & Microsporophylls

Back 168

Megasporophyll = Carpel = Stigma+Style+Ovary

Microsporophyll = Stamen = Anther+Filament

Front 169

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Seed

Back 169

Embryo

Mature Ovule

Front 170

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Microgametophyte of Angiosperms

Back 170

Pollen Grain

Front 171

*
Megagametophyte contains...

Back 171

egg

Front 172

*
Sepals protect

Back 172

developing bud

Front 173

*
Anther contains

Back 173

microsporangia

Microspores and microgametophytes are produced within the anther

Front 174

**
Fungi are opisthokont together with animals. They both have a common ancestor that had...

Back 174

mitochondria and single posterior flagellum

Front 175

**
For the fungal tree of life, what fungal group did not lose their flagellum?

Back 175

Chytrids

Front 176

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Basidiomycota Clamp Connections

Back 176

Front 177

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Aflatoxin

Back 177

mycotoxin made by Aspergillus

toxic and cancerous, particularly in the liver

Front 178

*
mycelium

Back 178

vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae

absorbs nutrients from its environment

Front 179

*
dimorphic

Back 179

one that lives as a yeast or mold, depending on environmental conditions

EX: penicillum

Front 180

*
ascus

Back 180

sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi

Front 181

*
basidium

Back 181

small, specialized club-shaped structure typically bearing four basidiospores at the tips of minute projections

Front 182

*
ascospore

Back 182

sexually produced fungal spore formed within an ascus of ascomycetes

Front 183

*
basidiospore

Back 183

sexually produced fungal spore borne on a basidium in the fungi known as basidiomycetes

Front 184

*
Dikaryon

Back 184

The state in certain fungi in which each compartment of a hypha contains two nuclei, each derived from a different parent

Front 185

*
mitospore

Back 185

spores produced by mitosis; they are characteristic of Ascomycetes.

asexual

Front 186

*
meiospore

Back 186

spores produced by meiosis

they are thus haploid, and give rise to a haploid daughter cell(s) or a haploid individual

sexual

Front 187

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Fruiting Body (Sporocarp)

Back 187

multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne

basidiomycete = basidiocarp

ascomycete = ascocarp

Front 188

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Mycotoxin

Back 188

toxic secondary metabolite produced by organisms of the fungus kingdom

Front 189

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coenocytic

Back 189

Fungal mycelia in which hyphae lack septa