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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biomass Yield
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number harvest x average weight
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productivity
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difference between the biomass after harvesting and biomass before harvesting at time t+1
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sustained yield
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yield per unit time is equal to productivity
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Maximum sustained yield
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level of sustained yield at which the population declines if exceeded
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optimum sustained yield
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level of sustained yield considering other species interactions, esthetics, land use problems
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Effects of Fragmentation (5)
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1. Total habitat quantity decreases
2. number of patches increases 3. amount of edge habitat increases 4. average patch size decreases 5. patch isolation increases |
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Toxins
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poisons that kill animals and plants by interfering with their physiological traits
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Estuary
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semi-enclosed coastal region at the mouths of rivers
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Biomass
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total weight of organisms in an area
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production
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assimiation of nutrients into biomass
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productivity
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assimilation of nutrients into biomass per unit time
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gross primary production
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all the energy that is assimilated in photosynthesis
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net primary production
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energy remaining after respiration
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assimilation eddiciency
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ratio of assimilated energy to ingested entergy
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primary succession
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occurs on a site previously unoccupied by a community
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secondary succession
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occurs on previously occupied sites following disturbance
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Early successional specied
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high growth rates, small size, high dispersal
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late successional species
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low rates of dispersal, slower growth rates, larger, longer-lived
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Facilitation
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one species alters the probability of second species becoming established
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inhibition
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one species prevents a second species from becoming estabilshed
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Priority effect
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outcome of an interaction depends on which is established first
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Tolerance
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establishment in a sere is not influenced by its interactions with other species but on its dispersal ability and its tolerance for the physical environment
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framework for community dynamics (4)
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1. the fundamental niche of a species acts as a primary constraint
2. species vary in their fundamental traits 3. Environmental conditions change 4. the fundamental niche is modified by species interactions |
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Holistic concept
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communities are super organisms
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Ecotones
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regions of rapid displacement of species along a special transect
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Individualistic concept
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community is a fortuitous assemblage of species
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continuum concept
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distribution of species along environmental gradient
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Species Richness
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number of species
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Evenness
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relative abundance of individuals in species
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Species diversity
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considering both richness and evenness
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Functional Diversity
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do species even matter?
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Rank-Abundance diagram
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relative abundance of each species and plot against rank - represents how species divide resources
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Local diversity (alpha diversity)
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number of species in a small area of homogeneous habitat
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Regional Diversity (Gamma)
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total number of species observed in all habitats within a geographic area
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Beta Diversity
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difference or furn over in species from other habitat to another
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Keystone species
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presence is critical to the integrity of the community
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Competition
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competitive exclusion can regulate community structure
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Predation
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predators can influence prey populations
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Parasites and disease
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impact is apparent when an outbreak reduces population size
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mutualism
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allow many species to co-exist
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Top-Down regulation
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abundance at each trophic level is controlled by consumers
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Bottom-Up regulation
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abundance is controlled by resource availability
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Ecology
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Interactions between organisms and their environment
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Auto-Ecology
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individual based ecology - how individuals interact with physical environment
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Population
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many organisms of the same species
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Population Ecology
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looks at how individuals within a species interact
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Community
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different populations of different species living within the same area
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Community Ecology
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studies the interactions between species
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Ecosystem
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assemblage of communities interacting with the environment
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Ecosystem Ecology
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How all the communities interact with the physical environment
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Landscape Ecology
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multiple ecosystems interacting (emphasis on the role of disturbance)
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Biosphere
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all ecosystems are linked together (Earth)
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Law of Tolerance
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The idea that different organisms have different levels of tolerance to different environments
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Phenotypic Plasticity
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physical environment can affect phenotype - the phenotype of an individual changes with the environment
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Radiation
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emission of Energy by a source
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Convection
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movement of liquid of gas
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conduction
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contact causes heat transfer
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Evapouration
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mechanisms by which heat is lost
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Heat Budget
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all the gains and losses of heat by an organism
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Thermal Inertia
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tendency of an organism to stay at a particular temperature
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Homeostasis
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Organisms ability to maintain constant internal conditions in the face of a varying external external environment
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Homeotherms
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maintains a constant internal temp
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Poikilotherms
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body temp varies with ambient temp
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Heterotherms
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conforms to either Homeothermic way or Poikilothermic way (animals that hibernate)
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Ectotherms
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heat comes from outside the body
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Endotherms
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use metabolic heat to maintain body temperature
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Active Temperature Range
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range over which poikilotherms carry out daily activities
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Supercooling
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body temp falls below freezing without freezing tissues of fluids
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Cooling Techniques
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sweating, panting, hydrating, being nocturnal, gular fluttering in birds
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Heating Techniques
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shivering, huddling, fur puffing
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Physical conditions (in terms of Distribution of species)
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growth from of the plant will match the environment
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Species Interactions (in terms of Distribution of species)
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competition, predation, mutualisms
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Chance in History (Distribution of species)
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dispersal ability limits the potential for existence
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Evolution (Distribution of Species)
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long periods of isolation leads to unique biomes (Australia)
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Lotic System
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flowing water
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Polagic
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open water
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Benthic
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sediments / bottom
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Lentic System
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very little movement
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Ecological Species Concept
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species have a niche - sum of species' use of biotic and abiotic resources in its environment
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Fundamental Niche
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range of physical conditions over which species can persist
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Realized Niche
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reduction in niche area due to predators, pathogens, competitors
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Clumped Dispersion
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most common .... ... ...... ... ..
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Uniform spaced dispersion
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interspecific competition . . . . . . . . . . .
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random dispersion
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fairly rare .. . . .. . . . ... . . . . ... . .. ..
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Emigration/Immigration
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dispersal with no return (Natal dispersion, or Breeding dispersion)
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Migration
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dispersal with a return to the place of origin
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Type I Survivorship curve
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individuals tend to live out their physiological lifespan
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Type II Survivorship curve
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linear, oranisms with constant mortality rates
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Type III Survivorship curve
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high mortality in early life
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Density Dependent Factors
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factors that affect population as size increases
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Density Independent Factors
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affect population regardless of size
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Self-Thinning
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progressive decline in density of a population of growing individuals
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Competition
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any use or defense of a resource by one individual that reduces the availability of that resource for other individuals
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Resource
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any substance or factor that is both consumed by an organism and supports increased population growth rates as its availability in the environment increases
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Mutulalism
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(+/+) each specialized to perform a function lacking in the other
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Commensalism
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(+/0) positive effect on one individual while the other has no affect (bird nesting in a tree)
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Amensalism
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(-/0) one individual is negatively affected while the other has no affect (elephant stepping on an ant)
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Functional Response (Predator responses)
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the relationship of predators rate of food consumption to the density of its prey
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Type I functional response
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number of prey eaten per predator increases lineally as prey density increases
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Type II functional response
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number of prey consumed per predator increases rapidly at first, then levels off
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Type III functional response
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number of prey taken is low at first, then increases in a sigmoidal fashion
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Interspecific Competition
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between individuals of different species
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Intraspecific Competition
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between individuals of the same species
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Gause's Principle
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two species with identical ecological requirements can not occupy the same environment
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Assumptions of Lotka-Volterra (5)
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- Environment is stable
- Environment is uniform - no immigration - resource used is constant - competition is only for one resource |
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Asexual
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off spring are genetically identical to parents
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Sexual
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haploid gametes, diploid zygote, genetically unique offspring
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Monogamy
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one male and one female, pair bond, cooperate to raise young
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Polygamy
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multiple mates for one individual
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Polygyny
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one male and multiple females (common)
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Polyandry
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one female and multiple males (not common)
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exaggerated traits
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strong sexual selection in polygyny
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Females choose "sexy" mates, why? (3)
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1. quality of sexyness correlates with territory quality
2. Runaway selection- females just like sexy males 3. Handycap principle - "if that male can live with all that sexyness, he must have good genes" |
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Genes only selection
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males contribute only sperm, female chooses indicators for genetic superiority
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Alturism
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behaviour that benefits a recipient at the expense of the donor
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Group Selection (alturism)
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individuals give up their interest for the good of the group
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Manipulation (alturism)
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the donor is being exploited by recipient without anything to do about it
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inclusive fitness
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direct fitness through own reproduction and indirect fitness of individuals who share genes by decent
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Holistic Concept
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communities are superorganisms
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Ecotones
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regions of rapid displacement of species along a spacial transect
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Individualistic Concept
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community is a fortuitous assemblage of species
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Continuum concept
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distribution of species along environmental gradient
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Species richness
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number of species in an area
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Evenness
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relative abundance of individuals in species
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species diversity
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considering both richness and evenness
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Oil Spills
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kills by coating animals and disrupting biological membranes
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Potash
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potassium in water-soluble form, sask holds more than 40% of the world's reserves of potash
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Solution Mining
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Pump hot water into the ground, dissolve potash, evaporate the water
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Expected Effects of Water use for Potash Mines
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1. Reduced lake level and damage to fish spawning habitat
2. Increased water managements and spring flood risk 3.Modified spawning habitat for endangered species 4. Environmental and biological damage from waste salts |
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N2 Fixation
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Specialized bacteria used nitrogenase to convert N2 gas to NH4+
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