Biology - 2740 - 11-19-09 Lecture

Front 1

What is a stimulus? name 2 examples

Back 1

A stimulus is a change in the environment.

ex. Temperature, Pressure, ect..

Front 2

What is a receptor?

Back 2

Any structure specialized to detect a stimulus.

Front 3

In terms of the general properties of recptors, what does transduction mean?

Back 3

Transduction- the conversion of one form of energy to another.

ex. the conversion sound (a stimulus energy) into nerve signals.

Front 4

What is a sensation?

Back 4

A sensation is when a sensory signal goes to the brain.

Front 5

True/False:

Brain cells interpret sensations as perception.

Back 5

True.

Front 6

True/False:

When sensory impulses first reach the brain, we experience sensation.

Back 6

True.

Front 7

True/False:

When sensory impulses reach the brain, we first experience perception.

Back 7

Flase, we experience sensation, then our brain cells interpret these sensations as perception

Front 8

What is a perception?

Back 8

Is what our brain cells interpret our sensations as.

Front 9

True/False:

Interpretation occurs in one are of the brain, Frontal Lobe.

Back 9

False. it occurs at different parts of the cerebrum.

Front 10

Define Vision.

Back 10

From Notes:

Vision- change in chemical structure of a pigment caused by light energy.


From Book:

Vision the preception of objects in the environment by means of the light that they emit of reflect.

Front 11

True/False:

Vision is a photochemical reactor.

Back 11

True

Front 12

Draw a quick sketch of the eye. (make sure to distiguish the lateral from the medial side in your sketch)

in your sketch label.
-Iris -Commiusure (2) -Palpebral (2)
-Pupil -Sclera -Eyebrow

Back 12

Check sketch with fig 16.22
pg. 614

Front 13

In the anotomy of the eye, what is the sclera?

Back 13

The white part of the eye ball.

Front 14

In the anotomy of the eye, what are two functions of the eyebrows?

Back 14

1. Prevent excess UV light to pass into the lower part of the retina. (Diffuse Light)

2. Prevent dilution of the eye. (helps keep prespiration from running into the eye)

Front 15

True/Flase:

During development humans (in utero), 3 distinct eyelids can be seen.

Back 15

True.

Front 16

We know that during development in the womb, we can see that humans have 3 eyelids, but when they mature and are born the only seem to have 2 eyelids, what hapens to the 3rd eyelid?

Back 16

it becomes a lump of tissue in the corner of our eye. lacrimal curuncle

Front 17

In the anatomy of the eye, what does commisure mean?

Back 17

It means the angles of the eye.*

Front 18

In the anatomy of the eye, what does palpebral refer to?

Back 18

Palpebral refers to the eyelid

Front 19

What is the function of the muscle, Levator palpebrae superoris? and what cranial nerve inervates it?

Back 19

Raises the eyelid.

Cranial nerve 3 oculomotor.

Front 20

What is the function of the muscle, Orbicularis oculi? and what cranial nerve inervates it?

Back 20

Closses the eye lid.

Cranial nerve 7 facial.

Front 21

What is the conjunctiva?

Back 21

Conjuctiva- a transparent mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelid, and the anterior surface of the eyeball.

see fig. 16.23 a.
pg. 615

Front 22

________, also known as "pink eye", is the inflamation of the _______.

Back 22

1. Conjuctivitis

2. Conjuctiva

Front 23

In the term lacrimal apparatus, what does the word lacrimal refer to?

Back 23

lacrimal refers to tear.

Front 24

What is the lacrimal apparatus composed of?

Back 24

The lacrimal (tear) gland, and a series of ducts that drain the tear into the nasal cavity.

Front 25

Draw a quick sketch of the lacrimal apparatus.

in your sketch label the folowing:
-Lacrimal gland -Lacrimal punctum -Lacrimal canal
-Nasolacrimal duct -Lacrimal sac.

Back 25

check sketch with fig 16.23 b
pg. 615

Front 26

In terms of anatimical position, where is the lacrimal gland, of the lacrimal apparatus located?

Back 26

Superolateral to the eye ball

Front 27

True/False:

the lacrimal gland is a simple tubular areolar gland.

Back 27

Flase:

The lacrimal gland is a compuond tubular areolar gland.

Front 28

What is the function of the lacrimal gland?

Back 28

To prouce tears to the surface of the eyeball.

Front 29

When the lacrimal gland, produces tears onto the eyeball, which way are they washed?

*(hint- from ____ to _____)

Back 29

From the superiolateral side of the eye, to the medial side of the eye.

Front 30

True/False:

Tears do not contain nutrients for cells in the eye.

Back 30

False:

Tears do contain nutrients for cells in the eye.

Front 31

What is the lacrimal punctum?

Back 31

From notes:

Lacrimal punctum- little opening where tears pass down to get into the lacrimal canal.


From book:

Lacrimal Punctum- a tiny pore on the margin of each eyelid, where the tears flow into after collecting near the medial commisure.

Front 32

When we cry we over produce _____.

Back 32

Tears

Front 33

Explain the process of the tear coming from the lacrimal gland, to the inferior meatus.

in your description include.
- Lacrimal gland - Lacrimal Punctum -Lacrimal sac
-Lacrimal canal -Nasolacrimal canal -Inferior meatus of nasal cavity.

Back 33

From Lacrimal gland, to lacrimal Punctum, to lacrimal canal, to lacrimal sac, then down nasolacrimal duct, into inferior meatus of nasal cavity.

then tears mix with mucous and finally we swallow it. (YUMMY).

Front 34

Finish the folowing sentence:

Tears contain _____, which is a _______ enzyme that destroy ______ on the eye.

Back 34

Tears contain LYSOZYME, which is a BACTERICIDAL enzyme that destroy BACTERIA on the eye.

Front 35

Name the 6 Extrinisic muscles of the eye.

Back 35

Superior Rectus
Lateral Rectus
Inferior Rectus
Medial Rectus
Superor Oblique
Inferior Oblique

Front 36

Finsih the following sentence:

Of the _____ extrinsic muscles of the eye, _____ are rectus, and ______ are oblique.

Back 36

Of the SIX extrinsic muscles of the eye, FOUR OF THEM are rectus, and TWO are oblique.

Front 37

Name the muscle(s) of the eye that are invervated by cranial nerve Number 6 (Abducens).

Back 37

Lateral rectus muscle

Front 38

Name the muscle(s) of the eye that are invervated by cranial nerve Number 4 (Trochlear).

Back 38

Superor Oblique muscle

Front 39

Name the muscle(s) of the eye that are invervated by cranial nerve Number 3(Oculomotor nerve).

Back 39

Levator Palpebrae Superioris.
Superior Rectus muscle
Medial Rectus Muscle.
Inferior Rectus Muscle.
Inferior Oblique Muscle.

Front 40

Draw a quick sketch of the eye, and draw all the muscles that act upon it discussed in lecture.

*(7 of them)

Back 40

1.Levator Palpebrae Superioris.
2.Superior Rectus muscle
3.Medial Rectus Muscle.
4.Lateral Rectus Muscle.
5.Inferior Rectus Muscle.
6.Inferior Oblique Muscle.
7.Superior Oblique Muscle.

Front 41

Finish the following sentence.

There are ____, layers (or ____) in the wall of the eyeball. Name them, and thier relative location to each other.

Back 41

There are THREE, layers (or TUNICS) in the wall of the eyeball.

1. Tunica Fibrosa- fibrous layer ((the outter region/layer))
2. Tunica Vasculosa (uvea)- vascular layer ((the middle region/layer))
3. Tunica Interna- (Retina), ((inner layer))in dicussion he said *neural tunica

Front 42

Finish the following sentence.

In terms of the eye, the Uvea is synonymous with _____ _____.

Back 42

Tunica vasculosa.

Front 43

In the layers of the eye, the outter most layer ,_____, is a dense connective tissue composed of two regions what are they?

Back 43

Blank- Tunica Fibrosa

1. Sclera- white part of the eye.
2. Cornear- anterior transparent region of modified sclera that admits light into the eye.

Front 44

In the layers of the eye, the middle layer ,_____, also called the _____, is a composed of _____ regions what are they, and what do you find in each of them?

Back 44

Blanks
- Tunica Vasculosa
- Uvea
- Three

3 Regions

1. Choroid- very vascularized, deeply pigmented. (protection from light) find lots of melanocytes.
2. Ciliary body- ring of ciliary muscles, secreate aqueous humor
3. Iris- Circular and Radial muscles control the diameter of the pupil (its central opening).

Front 45

Finish the following sentence:

In the layers of the eye, the inner most layer ,_____, is composed of _____, and the begining of the optic nerve.

Back 45

In the layers of the eye, the inner most layer ,TUNICA INTERNA (*NEURAL TUNICA) is composed of THE RETINA, and the begining of the optic nerve.

Front 46

In the layers of the eye, the middle layer, ____, has three regions to it, in the Iris region has two kinds of muscles, _____ and _____, that contract to control the diameter of the pupil. What division of the ANS control these muscles? and what do the muscles do to the pupil?

Back 46

Blanks.
- Tunica Vasculosa
- Circular Muscles
- Radial Muscles

Circular Muscles- Contract to constrict the pupil. Parasympathetic- Nerve 3

Radial Muscles- Contract to dialate the muscles. Sympathetic.

Front 47

Draw a midsagital lateral view of the eyeball, and label the following.

-sclera -choroid -retina - optic disc
-ciliary body -iris - cornea
-pupil - Viterous body -Anterior Chamber

Back 47

Check sketch with fig. 16.25 pg.617

Front 48

Ture/Flase:

The iris is an adjustable diaphragm that controls the diameter of the pupil.

Back 48

True.

Front 49

True/False:

In the Retina, there are cells which are not very sensitive to light.

Back 49

False;

they are sensitive to light.

Front 50

True/False:

In the choroid (middle layer), there is a swollen region called the ciliary body that controls the shape of the pupil.

Back 50

Flase. control the shape of the Lense.

Front 51

What does the Vitreous body function to do in the eye?

Back 51

a transparent jelly that helps give the eyeball shape, and protects the eye.

Front 52

How does the Iris regualte the amount of light we see?

Back 52

By controling the diameter of the pupil. (circular and radial muscles)

Front 53

Name the function of the transparent optical compenents (Optical apparatus*)? Name all of them (4).

Back 53

They bend(refract) light rays and focus images on the retina.

They are:
-Cornea (important one) -aqueous humor, lense- vitreous body

Front 54

What is the aqueous humor?

Back 54

the aqueous humor is a serous fluid secreted by the ciliary body into a space between the iris and lense called the posterior chamber, then it flows through the pupil to the anteror chamber (between the iris and cornea).

Front 55

True/False;

All of the following help bend light rays

Cornea, aqueous humor, lense vitreous body, pupil.

Back 55

False: all of them except for the pupil.

Front 56

True/False:

All eye colors come from two kinds of pigments.

Back 56

False: just one melanin.

Front 57

_____ is a brown pigment contained in the _____, and it determines ____ eye colors.

Back 57

Blanks;
-Melanin
-Iris
-all

Front 58

The ciliary body has very many thin permeable capilaries that secrete ______?

Back 58

Aqueous humor.

Front 59

True/Flase:

the Aqueous humor is a fuid that contains CO2, and picks up waste.

Back 59

Flase:

It contains 02

Front 60

Why is it bad to have the pressure of the Aqueous Humor become too great? what causes this high pressure?

Back 60

caused by an overproduction of it. The pressure press on the optic nerve, damages it "kills cells in the retina*", then we go blind.

Front 61

Draw a quick sketch of the eye. a midsagial lateral view, of the eye looking upwards.

lable:
-Posterior and Anterior chamber -cornea -Viterous body
-Lens -Ciliary Body.

Use this figure to describe the flow of aqueous humor in the eye.

Back 61

Check sketch with fig. 16.26 pg 618

check notes for description of the flow of aqueous humor.

Front 62

Glaucoma, which is _____, and Cataract , which is _____, cause what?

Back 62

Glaucoma- increased intracellular pressure (retina).

Cataract- clouding of the lens.

Both Cause blindness

Front 63

Ture/Flase

A tonometer does not meausre pressure.

Back 63

Flase it does.

Front 64

Ture/False:

The Lens is supsended by a ring of fibers called the suspensory ligament.

Back 64

True.

Front 65

True/False

there are stem cells in the retina on the eye.

Back 65

True.

Front 66

The retina (third layer) is attahced to what two structures?

Back 66

Posteriorly- Optic disc.
Anteriorly- Ora Serrata.

Front 67

What is an Opthalmoscope?

Back 67

an instument used to see inside the eyeball, the eye ball appears as fig. 16.28 pg 619.

Front 68

Name at least 2 of the three diagnoses that can be made non-invasively, by looking at the eye through an opthalmoscope?

Back 68

1. Hypertension- High BP
2. Mellitus- kind of diabetes
3. Atheroasclerosis- hardening of the arteries.

Front 69

______ is the layer made up of dense conective tissue.

Back 69

Tunica Fibrosa

Front 70

The Tunica vasculosa is also known as the uvea, what does uvea mean?

Back 70

Grape.