Biology

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True-breeding

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If they were allowed to self-pollinate they would produce off-spring identical to themselves

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Hybrids

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The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

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Genes

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Chemical factors that determine traits

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alleles

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Different forms of a gene

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Principal of dominance

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States that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive

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Segregation

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Seperation of alleles

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Gametes

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Formation of sex cells

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Green key

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When each F1 plant flowers, the two alleles are segregated from each other so that each gamete carries only a single copy of each gene. Therefore, each F1 plant produces 2 types of gametes-those with the allele for tallness and those with the allele for shortness

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Probability

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The likelihood that a particular event will occur

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Green Key 2

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The principles of probability can be used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses.

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Punnett Square

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The gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross can be determined by drawing a diagram known as a...

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Homozygous

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Two identical alleles for traits TT or tt...purebred

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Heterozygous

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Two different alleles for the same trait Tt..hybrid

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Phenotype

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Physical characteristics of the children

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Genotype

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Genetic makeup of offspring

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Genotype

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Genetic makeup of offspring

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Genotype

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Genetic make up of offspring

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Independant Assortment

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Alleles segregate seperatly for each trait

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Green Key independant assortment

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The principle of independant assortment states that genes for different traits can segregate independantly during the formation of gametes

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Multiple alleles

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Genes with more than two alleles...not dominant or recessive

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Incomplete dominance

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One allele is not completely dominantover the other...heterozygous phenotype is somewhere in between the two homozygous phenotypes

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Codominance

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Both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the organism

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Polygenic Traits

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Controlled by two or more genes.."having many genes"

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Homologous

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Each of the four chromosomes that came from the male parent has a corresponding chromosome from the female parent..these two sets

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Diploid

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two sets..contains both sets of homologous chromosomes

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Haploid

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Contain only single set of chromosomes, single set genes "one set"

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Meiosis

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A process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the seperation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

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Tetrad

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contains 4 chromatid...Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a ...(meiosis)

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Crossing-Over

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May exchange portions of chromatids in..

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Mitosis

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Results in the production of two genetically identical diploid cells, whereas meiosis produces four genetically different haploid cells

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Gene Map

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Shows the relative locations of each known gene on one of the chromosomes

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Different forms of genes are called?

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Alleles

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If a homozygous tall pea plant and a homozygous short pea plant are crossed,

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the recessive trait dissapers until the next generation

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A punnett square is used to determine the

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probable outcome of a cross

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Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be..

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homozygous- dominant

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The physical characteristics of an organism are its ..

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Phenotype

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A situation in which a gene has more than two alleles is known as...

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Multiple alleles