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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hydrophobic
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-doesn't like water
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phospholipid
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-phosphate (PO4) and fat(lipid)
-make up cell membrane -hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends |
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2 main parts in cell
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-nucleus
-cytoplasm |
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prokaryote
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-before the nucleus
-simple cells; evolved first -don't have a nucleus or internal membrane -everything is loose in cytoplasm -eg. bacterium |
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nuclear membrane
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-control gate of the nucleus
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Rough ER
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-covered with ribosomes
-internal transport tube for proteins |
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vacuoles
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-storage containers for fats or oils
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nucleus
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-"control tower" of the cell
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nucleolus
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-forms ribosomes
-located inside nucleus |
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cell membrane
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-"control gate" for entire cell
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nucleoplasm
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-jellylike fluid inside the nucleus
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cytoplasm
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-jelly-like fluid outside the nucleus
-medium of transportation |
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mitochondrion
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-sometimes called the "power house" of the cell
-releases energy |
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the cell theory
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-all organisms are composed of one or more cell
-all cells come from other or pre-existing cells |
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the cell
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-humans have 5 trillion cells (5,000,000,000,000)
-basic unit of structure and function |
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golgi apparatus
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-organizes and stores secretion, such as hormones
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endoplasmic reticulum(ER)
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-internal transport tubes
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ribosomes
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-protein-synthesis occurs
-can be in other places than on the rough ER |
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smooth ER
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-no ribosomes
-internal transport tubes for fats -fat-synthesis occurs |
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eukaryote
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-true nucleus
-complex cells -evolved from prokaryotes around 1.5 billion years ago -have many organelles made of or surrounded by membranes -eg. of organelles: nucleus, golgi apparatus, smooth ER, rough ER, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplast |
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genes
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-the amount of DNA that codes for one protein
-1 gene=1 protein -"blueprint" of life -humans have around 100,000 genes and that means that humans also have around 100,000 proteins |
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chromatin material
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-active form of chromosomes
-it is invisible to all microscopes because it is so stretched out -contains genes |
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anton van leeuwenhoek
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-from holland (dutch)
-"father of the microscope" -1650 |
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robert hooke
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-from britain (british)
-came up with the word "cell" -1635 |
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rudolf virchow
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-from germany (german)
-discovered that all cells come from other cells -1800's |
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mathias schleiden
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-from germany (german)
-discovered that all plants are made of cells |
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theodor schwann
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-from germany (german)
-discovered that all animals are made of cells -1800's |
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felix dujardin
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-from france (french)
-came up with the word protoplasm -1800's |
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nutrition
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-a cell getting nutrients being brought into it
-eg. proteins, carbohydrates, lipids |
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growth (assimilation)
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-the cell making more of its compounds making the cell bigger and bigger and bigger until the cell must divide
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response (irritability)
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-a reaction to a stimulus which happens outside a cell
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secretion
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-the release of very important compounds such as enzymes or hormones
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absorption
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-molecules moving in through the membrane
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excretion
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-the removal of waste products
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respiration
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-oxygen coming in, reacts with sugars and produces energy
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digestion
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-breaking large compounds into smaller ones using hydrolysis
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biosynthesis
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-the making of compounds by hooking them together through dehydration synthesis
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reproduction
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-a cell making another cell
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bacterium
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.
. |
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microtubules
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-cytoskeleton
-extremely small tubes which give support to the cytoplasm -used in movement |
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microfilaments
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-cytoskeleton
-tiny strands that are used in cytoplasmic movement |
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centrioles
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-only found in animal cells
-stick-like structures that function during cell reproduction (mitosis and cell division) |
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lysosomes
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-small containers that contain digestive enzymes
-when released cause cell death -only found in animal cells |
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atrophy
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-losing cells
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cell wall
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-only found in plant cells
-made of cellulose -is there for support of the cell |
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central vacuole
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-only found in plant cells
-fills with water -storage -gives more support to the cell |
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plastids
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-only found in plant cells
-special containers -eg. chloroplast, chromoplast, leucoplast |
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chloroplast
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-only found in plant cells
-green (chlorophyll) -photosynthesis occurs |
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chromoplast
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-only found in plant cells
-accessory pigments for chlorophyll |
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leucoplast
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-only found in plant cells
-store starches |
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cellular levels of organization
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-colonial
-unicellular -multicellular |
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unicellular
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-one cell
-eg. SOME bacteria, SOME algae, ALL protozoans |
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colonial (colony)
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-an organism with a group of cells that are clusters of cells
-non-specialized -eg. SOME bacteria, SOME algae |
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multicellular
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-many cells
-specialized -eg. all animals, all plants, all fungi |
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cell specialization
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-specialized to do one function
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division of labor
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-takes all the different jobs of an organism and divides them into the cells
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interdependency
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-each of the specialized cells depend on the other cells
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cells
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-hundred to trillions of cells
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tissue
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-similar cells that all have the same functions
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epithelial tissue
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-a type of animal tissue
-usually found as a cover on an organ; outside and inside -covering tissue -for protection -eg. outer layer of skin, mucous |
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mucous
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-the secretion
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mucous membrane
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-lining of the gastro-intestinal tract
-lining of respiratory system -lubricant -enzymes; kill bacteria |
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muscle tissue
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-type of animal tissue
-causes movement -eg. striated (skeletal), smooth, and cardiac |
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striated (skeletal) muscle
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-type of muscle tissue
-multi-nucleated -has stripes on it -attached to bones -voluntary |
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smooth muscle
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-type of muscle tissue
-involuntary -one nucleus -found in digestive system -arteries and veins |
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cardiac muscle
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-type of muscle tissue
-involuntary -woven together -strongest muscle -never stops working -one nucleus |
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nerve tissue
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-type of animal tissue
-we have billions of them -conduct chemical impulses to control functions -100m/second |
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connective tissue
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-connects one place to another
-eg. bone, cartilage, adipose, blood, ligaments, and tendons |
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bone
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-type of connective tissue
-for support -protection of vital organs -bone marrow makes blood cells |
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cartilage
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-type of connective tissue
-provides flexible support -smooth surface at a movable joint for articulation |
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adipose
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-type of connective tissue
-stores fat |
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blood
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red blood cells-oxygen
white blood cells-immune system plasma-carries all dissolved things, mostly water platelets-clot |
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ligaments
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-type of connective tissue
-hold bones to bones at a joint -like elastic-bands |
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tendons
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-type of connective tissue
-attaches a muscle to a bone |
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organ
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-a group of tissues that all have the same function
-eg. stomach, intestines |
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organ system
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-a group of organs that all have one function
-eg. digestive, respiratory, nervous, circulatory, endocrine, muscular, skeletal, excretion, reproductive, immune, and integumentary |
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digestive
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respiratory
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-a type of organ system
-to exchange gases -oxygen going in, CO2 going out |
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nervous system
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-type of organ system
-controls all organ systems |
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circulatory system
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-a type of organ system
-transports materials |
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endocrine system
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-a type of organ system
-system of glands -secondary control system -chemical control (hormones) |
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muscular system
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-a type of organ system
-helps body move |
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skeletal system
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-a type of organ system
-supports body -protects organs -makes all blood parts |
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excretion system
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-a type of organ system
-cellular waste -eg. kidneys |
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reproductive system
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-a type of organ system
-reproduce |
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immune system
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-a type of organ system
-helps in fighting diseases -bone marrow -eg. thymus gland |
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integumentary system
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-a type of organ system
-outer protective system -eg. skin |
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organism
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-a group of organs all with one function
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homeostasis
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-the maintaining of stable internal conditions
-maintaining a "steady state" -this is the "battle of life" on an organism level -if out of balance, the organism dies! |
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brain
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-monitors blood od carctid arteries- sensitive to pH changes
-high CO2 causes H2CO3 to form which lowers blood pH -brain sends out control messages to various organs |
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heart
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-increase heart rate
-moves blood faster |
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lungs
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-actual breathing muscles- rib muscles and diaphragm
-breathing rate increases -brings in more O2 -releases more CO2, heat and moisture |
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skeletal muscles
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-increase in activity more blood flows here
-use more O2 and more glucose in cellular respiration -releases energy, more CO2 and heat |
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liver
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-releases glucose (stored in glycogen)
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pancreas
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-releases hormones such as insulin and glycogen
-influence liver to release sugar and influences all cells in utilization of glucose |
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skin
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-sweat: releases H2O and salts
-cools body through evaporation |
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kidneys
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-reduce output of urine (H2O needs to be conserved)
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digestive organs
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-reduced blood flow
-digestive activity is reduced |
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pituitary glands
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-releases HDH
-an indirect hormone that influences kidneys |
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electrolyte levels
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-H2O and salts are best in muscles
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selectively permeable membrane
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-a membrane that keeps out some molecules but allows others to pass through
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diffusion
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-the process by which molecules move form an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration
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equilibrium
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-a state that exists when the concentration of a substance is the same throughout a space
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facilitated diffusion
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-a process in which substances move down their concentration gradient across the cell membrane with the assistance of carrier proteins
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osmosis
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-the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
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osmotic pressure
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-water pressure due to osmosis
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isotonic solution
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-a solution whose solute concentration equals that inside a cell
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hypotonic solution
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-a solution whose solute concentration is lower than that inside a cell
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turgor pressure
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-water pressure within a plant cell
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cytolysis
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-the bursting of a cell
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hypertonic solution
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-a solution whose solute concentration is higher than that inside a cell
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plasmolysis
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-the shrinking or wilting of a walled cell in a hypertonic environment
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passive transport
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-the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy
-form greater to lesser |
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active transport
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-the movement of a substance across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient
-requires the cell to expend energy |
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endocytosis
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-the process by which a cell surrounds and engulfs substances
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pinocytosis
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-a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs solutes or fluids
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phagocytosis
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-a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells
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exocytosis
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-a process in which a vesicle inside a cell fuses with the membrane and releases its contents to the external environment
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contractile vacuole
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-an organelle in protists that expels water
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