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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Waht is the total amount of ATP produced, or gained, in cellular respiration (total)?
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Glycolysis: 2 ATP
Citric Acid Cycle: 2 ATP Electron Transport Chain: 34 ATP Total: 38 ATP |
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PYRUVIC ACID BREAKDOWN!
1. Pyruvic Acid, a _-carbon molecule, is broken down into ______ ____ group, a 2-carbon molecule. 2. the free carbon forms ___. 3. Coenzyme _ combines with ______ acid to form ______-___, a 2 carbon molecule. 4. _________ ions are formed and picked up by NAD+ to form ____ + __. |
PYRUVIC ACID BREAKDOWN!
1. Pyruvic Acid, a *3*-carbon molecule, is broken down into *acetic acid* group, a 2-carbon molecule. 2. the free carbon forms *CO2*. 3. Coenzyme *A* combines with *acetic* acid to form *Acetyl-CoA*, a 2 carbon molecule. 4. *Hydrogen* ions are formed and picked up by NAD+ to form *NADH + H+*. |
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An ordered series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions that forms a product in step-by-step manner.
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Biochemical pathway
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Cellular Respiration takes place in 2 stages:
1. _______ is converted to _______, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH. 2. When oxygen is present, ________ and ____ are used to produce a large amount of ATP. When oxygen is ______, pyruvate is converted to lactic acid or ______ _______. |
Cellular Respiration takes place in 2 stages:
1. *Glucose* is converted to *pyruvate*, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH. 2. When oxygen is present, *pyruvate* and *NADH* are used to produce a large amount of ATP. When oxygen is *absent*, pyruvate is converted to lactic acid or *ethyl alcohol*. |
Options:
pyruvate, NADH, ethyl alcohol, glucose |
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2nd step of aerobic respiration; the beginning product and end product are both citric acid, but the process produces ATP and electrons.
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Citric Acid Cycle
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A series of molecules along which electrons are transferred, releasing energy. Oxygen is the last electron acceptor in the chain.
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Electron Transport Chain
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Anaerobic process of splitting glucose and forming 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
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Glycolysis
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1st step of aerobic respiration that breaks down pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA
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Pyruvic Acid Breakdown
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what is the formation of ATP?
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ADP+ phosphate (Pi) -> ATP
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What is the breakdown of ATP to ADP?
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ATP => ADP+ Phosphate (Pi) + energy
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Disorder (entropy) in the universe constantly changes in a closed system; energy tends to be less stable.
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the Second Law of Thermodynamics
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It's a law.
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reation that releases free energy
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exergonic reaction
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In The Cell Theory:
1. all living things are composed of ..... |
new cells
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In the Cell Theory:
2. In ......, cells are the basic unit of function. |
organisms
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In the Cell Theory:
3. ..... are produced only from preexisting cells. |
Cells
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All cells have:
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A cell membrane and cytoplasm
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2 things
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Who theorized that all plants are made of cells in 1838?
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Schleiden
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Matthias ........
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Who theorized that all animals are made of cells in 1839?
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Schwan
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Theodore.....
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Who theorized that cells come from preexisting cells in 1858?
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Virchow
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Rudolph
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What type of cell lacks membrane-bound organelles?
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Prokaryote
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What type of cell has a membrane-bound organelle, which includes a nucleus?
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Eukaryote
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How many natural elements are found?
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90
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what kind of element has the same atoms, but different numbers of neutrons?
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Isotope
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Force that holds two atoms by shared electrons
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Covalent Bond
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......Bond
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What is the attractive force between two ions of opposite charge of substances?
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Ionic Bond
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example: NaCl
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Combination in which individual substances retain their own properties
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Mixture
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Ex: Salt Water
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Mixture in which one or more substances are distributed evenly in another substance
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Solution
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Weak attraction of opposite charges between oxygen and hydrogen
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Hydrogen bond
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Any substance that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in water, pH below 7
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Acid
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Any substance that forms hydroxide ions (OH-) in water, pH above 7
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Base
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Measure of how acidic or basic a solution is
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pH
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Scale ranging from 0-14, pH 7 is neutral
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Large molecule formed when many smaller molecules are bonded together
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Polymer
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What is the proportion of carbohydrates?
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1:2:1
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_:_:_
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What is the general formula for Carbohydrates?
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Cn H2n On
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A Simple sugar
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Monosaccharide
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example: Glucose (C6 H12 O6)
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a complex sugar; individual sugars linked together
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Polysaccharide
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example: glycogen
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Long chains made of hundreds of glucose molecules
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Starch
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Class of organic macromolecules that don't dissolve in water (contains more H atoms than Carbohydrates)
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Lipids
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examples: fats, oils, wax
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Fats that contain the maximum number of Carbon-Hydrogen bonds possible (broken down more easily)
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Saturated Fats
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Fats that contain carbon-carbon double bonds (harder to break down)
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Unsaturated Fats
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Lipids that act as hormones
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Steroids
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Third group of marcomolecules that are made of long chains of amino acids; control metabolism, make up structure of hair, skin, and muscle; function as hormones
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Proteins
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Protein that makes up the skin, ligaments, tendons, and bones
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Collagen
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Proteins that assist in the chemical processes of the body
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Enzymes
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A specific type of enzyme that makes a reaction happen faster, but without being used up
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catalyst
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The building blocks of proteins
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Amino acids
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20 different types
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a 5 carbon sugar with a phosphate group and an organic base
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Nucleotide
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A long, repeating chain of nucleotides that make up DNA and RNA, which carries the genetic code.
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Nucleic Acid
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Sugar is either ........ or .......
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Deoxyribose or ribose
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what are the 4 bases for a nucleotide? (and 5th for RNA)
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Adenone, Guanine, Cytosine, or Thymine (Uracil in RNA)
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A-T, G-C
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stores and releases energy
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ATP
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Boundary between cell and its external environment; controls the movement of materials that enter and exit the cell.
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Plasma Membrane
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....... membrane
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Inflexible structire that surrounds the plasma membrane in plant cels and in some bacteria cells.
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Cell Wall
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This lies outside the nucleus and surrounds the organelles (clear fluid)
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cytoplasm
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folded membrane that forms a network of interconnected compartments inside the cell (cell's delivery system)
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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2 types: smooth, rough
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Series of stacked, flattened membrane sacs that receives newly synthesized proteins and lipids from the ER and distributes them to the plasma and other organelles
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Golgi Apparatrus
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Sac of fluid surrounded by a membrane (stores food, enzymes, and some store waste)
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Vacuole
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Contains digestive enzymes that digest excess or worn our cell parts
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Lysosomes
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There are 2 factors that change the shape of an enzyme. They are:
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Temperature and pH
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Reaction that stores energy
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endergonic reaction
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.........reaction
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Endergonic reaction that is driven by the splitting of ATP molecules
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Coupled Reactions
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Non-protein molecule that assists an enzyme in carrying out a reaction.
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Coenzyme
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organic molecule which is composed of a polar head and 2 nonpolar tails.
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Phospholipid
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This exists in a lipid bilayer.
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double layer of phospholipids (tails pointing in, heads on outside); fluid, NOT rigid
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Lipid Bilayer
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random movement of molecules.
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Brownian Motion
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overall movement of particles from an area of high concentation to an area of low concentration.
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diffusion
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(due to brownian motion)
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Continuous movement of particles with no overall change in concentration.
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Dynamic Equilibrium
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Difference in concentration of a substance across space.
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concentration gradient
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Net movement of H20 molecules through a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low water concentration.
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osmosis
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Solution in which the concentration of solute outside is the same inside the cell.
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isotonic solution
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solution in which the water concentration is greater outside the cell than inside.
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Hypotonic solution
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Solution in which the water concentration is greater inside the cell than outside.
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Hypertonic solution
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Diffusion through selectively permeable pores (channel proteins)
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Passive Transport (no energy used or needed)
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Transport proteins embedded in the membrane that transport protons in and out of the organelles in a cell.
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Proton Pumps
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Are used to make ATP from ADP
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The process by which energy is gotten from food
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Chemiosmosis
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Energy stored in ATP is used to transport sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.
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Sodium-Potassium Pump
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Process in which a cell surrounds and takes in materials from its environment.
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Endocytosis
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Process used to expel wastes from the interior to the exterior environment.
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exocytosis
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"Energy can't be created nor destroyed; it can only be converted."
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First Law of Thermodynamics
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It's a law.
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Process that converts inorganic chemical energy to organic chemical energy.
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Chemosynthesis
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series of chemical reactions that converts energy in food to a useful form.
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cellular respiration
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Chemical reaction that pass electrons from one atom or molecule to another
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oxidation-reduction reactions
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