Biology 2.3 Transport Across Membranes

Front 1

cell surface membrane

Back 1

the membrane (a phospholipid bilayer with proteins floating and embeded in the structure) that surrounds the cytoplasm and controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

Hint 1

细胞膜

Front 2

organelle

Back 2

a membrane-bound enclosure in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell with a particular function, eg mitochondria, ribosomes

Hint 2

细胞器

Front 3

vesicle

Back 3

membrane-bound sac containing cellular secretions

Hint 3

水疱

Front 4

lipid

Back 4

molecule that contains a lot of stored chemical energy, supplies the body with energy and also used as an energy store. made up of fatty acids and glycerol.

Hint 4

脂

Front 5

polar lipid

Back 5

lipid molecule containing a polar group

Hint 5

极性脂

Front 6

phospholipid

Back 6

lipid molecule containing a phosphate group, making it a polar lipid

Hint 6

磷脂

Front 7

hydrophilic

Back 7

water-loving

Hint 7

亲水性

Front 8

hydrophobic

Back 8

water-hating

Hint 8

疏水性

Front 9

monolayer

Back 9

single layer

Hint 9

单层

Front 10

micelles

Back 10

structure formed by a cluster of molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends when placed in water

Hint 10

胶束

Front 11

bilayer

Back 11

double layer

Hint 11

双层

Front 12

unit membrane

Back 12

phospholipid bilayer which is the basis for all living membranes

Hint 12

单位膜

Front 13

glycoprotein

Back 13

protein with a carbohydrate prosthetic group

Hint 13

糖蛋白

Front 14

fluid mosaic model

Back 14

currently accepted model of the structure of cell membrane

Hint 14

流动镶嵌模型

Front 15

diffusion

Back 15

free movement of particles in a liquid or a gas down a concentration gradient from an area of relatively high concentration to an area of relatively lower concentration

Hint 15

扩散

Front 16

concentration gradient

Back 16

the difference between an area where a solute is at high concentration and an area where the same solute is at a relatively low concentration

Hint 16

浓度梯度

Front 17

passive transport

Back 17

transport that does not require energy, such as diffusion and osmosis

Hint 17

消极运输

Front 18

facilitated diffusion

Back 18

diffusion that takes place through specific channels/carriers but which does not use up energy

Hint 18

促进扩散

Front 19

channel protein

Back 19

protein in membranes that allows passage of substances through the membrane

Hint 19

通道蛋白

Front 20

isotonic/isosmotic

Back 20

a solution with the same osmotic concentration as the cell contents

Hint 20

等渗性

Front 21

pore

Back 21

毛孔

Front 22

potassium ion channels

Back 22

钾离子通道

Front 23

sodium ion channels

Back 23

钠离子通道

Front 24

hypotonic

Back 24

a solution with a lower solute concentration (higher solvent concentration) than the cell contents

Hint 24

低渗

Front 25

hypertonic

Back 25

a solution with a higher solute concentration (lower solvent concentration) than the cell contents

Hint 25

高渗

Front 26

turgor

Back 26

the point at which the inward movement of water due to osmosis is balanced by the pressure of the plant cell walls on the cytoplasm, the cytoplasm is pressing hard against the cell wall.

Hint 26

膨压

Front 27

active transport

Back 27

form of cellular transport in which energy is used to move substances against a concentration gradient

Hint 27

积极运输

Front 28

carrier protein

Back 28

a protein that carries a specific molecule or type of molecule through a membrane

Hint 28

载体蛋白质

Front 29

adenosine triphosphate(ATP)

Back 29

molecule that releases energy when the terminal phosphate bond is broken, to form adenosine diphosphate

Hint 29

三磷酸腺苷

Front 30

ATPase

Back 30

enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of ATP to ADP with the release of useful energy of the cell

Hint 30

ATP酶

Front 31

adenosine diphosphate(ADP)

Back 31

molecule produced when a phosphate group is removed from ATP

Hint 31

二磷酸腺苷

Front 32

cyanide

Back 32

poison that acts by preventing the release of energy of ATP

Hint 32

氰化物

Front 33

endocytosis

Back 33

taking particles into the cell, on a large scale this is phagocytosis, on a small scale it is pinocytosis

Hint 33

胞吞

Front 34

phagocytosis

Back 34

the process by which phagocytes engulf and digest bacteria or other pathogens

Hint 34

吞噬过程

Front 35

pinocytosis

Back 35

taking small particles/amounts into a cell

Hint 35

吞饮过程

Front 36

exocytosis

Back 36

moving substances out of a cell by emptying a membrane-bound vesicle

Hint 36

胞吐

Front 37

vacuoles

Back 37

液泡

Front 38

respiratory system

Back 38

organ system in which the exchange of respiratory gases takes place

Hint 38

呼吸系统

Front 39

Fick's law

Back 39

the relationship between surface area, concentration gradient and thickness of the exchange membrane which determines the rate of diffusion

Hint 39

Fick 定律

Front 40

alveolus

Back 40

(plural alveoli) minute air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place

Hint 40

肺泡

Front 41

lung surfactant

Back 41

phospholipid that coats the surface of the alveoli and makes it easier to move air in and out.

Hint 41

肺表面活性物质

Front 42

epithelial cells

Back 42

上皮细胞

Front 43

elastic recoil

Back 43

弹性回缩

Front 44

breathing

Back 44

movement of air in and out of the respiratory system

Hint 44

呼吸

Front 45

inhalation

Back 45

moving air into the respiratory system

Hint 45

呼

Front 46

exhalation

Back 46

moving air out of the respiratory system

Hint 46

吸

Front 47

cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulatory channel proteins

Back 47

the membrane transport protein which is affected in cystic fibrosis

Hint 47

囊性纤维化跨膜监管通道蛋白

Front 48

cilia

Back 48

纤毛

Front 49

runny

Back 49

流鼻涕

Front 50

mucus

Back 50

粘液

Front 51

intercostal

Back 51

肋间

Front 52

bronchioles

Back 52

细支气管

Front 53

bronchi

Back 53

气管