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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Metabolism
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All chemical and energy transformation within the cell.
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Homeostasis
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Maintaining internal conditions of the cell.
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CHON
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All living organisms are composed of the same elements, and follow rules of chemistry and physics.
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
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Evolution
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Process in which an organism changes over time.
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Adaptation
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A peculiarity of form, function, structure, or behavior that promotes that species in it's environment.
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Unity and Diversity of Life
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We are all descended from a common ancestor and have changed through evolution to become diverse.
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Emergent properties
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"Holistic View" The whole of the organism is bigger that the parts.
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CHNOPS
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Living things are made up of chemicals; elements composed of each organism and matter of this Earth. 98%
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulphur |
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Matter
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Matter occupies space and has weight.
There are 92 naturally occuring elements. |
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Isotopes
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Atoms having the same number of protons but DIFFERENT neutrons.
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Atoms
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Have chemical properties; they also have electrical properties.
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Ionic bonding
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An actual transfer of the electron.
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Covalent bond
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When two atoms share electrons.
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Water
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*Comprises 70-90% of all living things.
*Has a high heat capacity. *Is a universal solvent. *Water sticks together. Is both adhesive and cohesive. (Hydrogen bonding) *Frozen form is less dense than liquid. *Has a high surface tension. |
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Carbon
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Is the skeleton of organic life. It can form very strong covalent bonds. Can bond up to 4 times. Can form long chains and can also form double bonds.
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CHNO
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95%
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen |
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Saturated Fat
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No double bonds. (Animal)
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Unsaturated Fat
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At least one double bond. (plant)
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DNA
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Genetic material made up of nucleotides.
Double Stranded |
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RNA
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Genetic material made up of nucleotides.
Single stranded. |
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ATP
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Adenosine Triphosphate
The energy currency of the cell. Constantly being broken down, rebuilt and recycled by the cell. |
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Cell Theory
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All cells come from a pre-existing cell.
Smallest unit of life. |
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Plasma Membrane
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All cells have one. Separates the cell from it's environment. Regulates passage of molecules in and out of the cells.
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Eukaryotic
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Has a true nucleus. More complex.
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Prokaryotic
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Lacks a true nucleus. Most numerous of all organisms. Single chromosome.
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Ribosomes
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Where protein synthesis takes place.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Has ribosomes all over.
Rough E.R.: Involved with the ribosomes in proteins. Smooth E.R.: No ribosomes, steroid manufacturer. |
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Nucleus
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Control center of the cell.
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Vacuoles
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Large membranous sacs; much larger in plants. Function mostly for storage. In plants they provide and important support function.
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Mitochondria
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Powerhouse of the cell.
Where ATP is made, which is the energy source of the cell. |
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Cholorplasts
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Where photosynthesis takes place.
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Osmosis
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Diffusion of molecules through a semi-permeable membrane.
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Diffusion
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Movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration.
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Isotonic
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Water neither goes in or out, its the same concentration.
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Hypotonic
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Cell tends to gain water.
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Hypertonic
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Cell tends to lose water.
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Exocytosis
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Movement of materials out of a cell.
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Endocytosis
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Brings materials into the cell.
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Energy
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Ability to do work.
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Law I: Thermodynamics
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Energy is neither created nor destroyed; it just changes forms.
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Law II: Thermodynamics
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When energy is changed from one form to another, some energy is lost as heat.
Photosynthesis captures less than 2% of solar energy. |
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Enzymes
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Key in a lock system. Speed up chemical reactions, very specific to the type of molecule. Function to bring the substrate into the cell through a "key/lock" mechanism.
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3 main functions of ATP
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1.) Supply energy for chemical reactions, (work)
2.) Provides transport work for moving molecules here and there. 3.) Provides mechanical work for moving and motion. (muscle movement) |
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Feedback Inhibition
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Like a thermostat.
Gives negative feedback to stop production. |
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Competitive Enzyme Inhibitors
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A molecule that fits the same as a substrate.
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Non-Competitive Enzyme Inhibitors
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Changes the enzyme structure so the substrate can't fit.
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C3 plants
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Cool Season Plants
Produces a 3 carbon molecule. |
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C4 plants
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Warm Season Plants
Most efficient. Produces a 4 carbon molecule. |
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CAM plants
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Least efficient
Stomates open only at night; an adaptation to preserve water. |
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Cellular Respiration
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The link that connects organisms with The energy plants capture through photosynthesis to provide usuable energy for those organisms that are not capable of making their own.
Provides 36-38 ATP. Only 39% of original energy in glucose. |
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Where does cellular respiration occur?
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In the mitochondria.
Results in a gain of 34-36 ATP |
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Catabolism
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Breaking down molecules.
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Anabolism
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Forming molecules.
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