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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the Stages of Mitosis
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1.Prophase
2.Prometaphase 3.Metaphase 4.Anaphase 5.Telophase |
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Name the Stages of Mitosis
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1.Prophase
2.Prometaphase 3.Metaphase 4.Anaphase 5.Telophase |
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Describe Prophase
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1.Nucleus
a.chromosome condensation b.nucleolus disappears 2.Cytoplasm a.Mitotic spindles form b.Centrosomes migrate to opp. poles |
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Describe Prometaphase
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1.Nucleur envelope framents/disappears
2.Kinetochore structures form 3.Spindle Fibers extend a.Kinetochore microtubules b.Nonkinetochore microtubules |
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Describe Metaphase
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1.Centrosomes located at opp. poles
2.Chromosomes move toward metaphase plate |
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Describe Anaphase
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1.Sister chromatids split,form chromosomes
2.Kinetochore microtubules shorten 3.Cell elongates |
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Describe Telophase
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1.Further cell elongation
2.Nucleur envelope forms 3.Nucleoli reappear 4.Chromosomes decondense |
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What is the Outcome of Mitosis?
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the equal division of one nucleus into 2 indentical nuclei
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When does Cytokinesis divide and what does it divide?
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Begins at telophase or after and it divides the cytoplasm
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Describe 4 things of Sexual Life Cycles
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1.Transfers traits from parents to offspring
2.Promotes variation 3.Genetic variation through meiosis 4.Meiosis a.humans:only in germ/sex cells b.reproductin of gametes/sperm/egg containing 1/2 #chrom in body/somatic cells |
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Describe Cytokinesis in Animals
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a. Has actin microfilaments in Contractile Ring
b. Clearage furrow |
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Describe Cytokinesis in Plants
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a.Golgi-derived vesicles
b.Cell plate c.Cell wall forms |
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Outcome of Cytokenisis?
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Results in the equal division of 1 cell into 2 identical cells
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Describe chromosomes in humans
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1.23pairs
22autosomal pairs and 1 sex pair 2.Females (XX)/Males (XY), males have one pair of chrom. that are non- homol. |
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What are the factors influencing cell division?
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1.essential nutrients
2.growth factors 3.density dep. inhibition 4.cell age (divides 20-50 times) 5.cell size |
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Somatic cells in humans?
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1.contain 23pairs of chromo.
46 total, diploid 2.Mitosis |
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Underline theme of cell division?
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1.DNA is replicated
2.DNA equally distributed 3.Cell devides |
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Why are there restriction points?
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1.cells must pass rest.point to enter S phase
2.alternitive Go 3.Most cells in Go phase |
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Germ Cells in humans?
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1.Germ cells(2n)-> gametes(sperm/egg)
Contains 23 chromo. haploid, n 2. Meiosis |
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NAme two Unicellular Organsims and describe the cycle
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1.Prokaryotes:binary fission
2.Eukaryotes:mitosis |
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What happens with cancer cells?
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1. ignore density-dep. inhibition
2.can be immortal cells 3.lose attatchment to extracellular matrix:metastasine |
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What are 3 different examples of asexual reproductive strategies
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1.Binary fission
2.Vegetative propagation 3.Fragmentation |
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What does cell division lead multicellular organisms to?
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1.Replacing dead dying cells
mitosis:skin/liver 2.Zygote:Adult(mitosis) 3.Germ cells:Gametes(meiosis) |
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What 2 Cues that control cell division?
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A. Factors influencing cell division
B. Restriction points |
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What are 4 aspects of Asexual Reproduction?
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1.Single is sole parent
2.Single parent passes all its genes to its offspring 3.Results in clone ex. potatoes 4.Takes less energy, no need for mate |
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How do Bacteria reproduce?
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By Binary Fission
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What are 5 aspects of Sexual Reproduction?
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1.2 parents give for offspring
2.Passes on 1/2 its genes 3.Offspring have unique combo of genes 4.Greater genetic variation 5.best in environment due to change |
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Describe the process of Binary Fission.
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A. Prokaryotic Chromosome Structure
B. Steps include: 1.Replication of chromosomes attatched to p.m. 2.Cell growth separates chromosome 3.Eventually all divide in two. |
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What happens under Meiotic Interphase?
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DNA replication
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Define Genome
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Total amount of genetic material found in cell
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Steps of Meisosi I
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1.Prophase I
2.Metaphase I 3.Anaphase I 4.Telophase I and Cytokinesis I |
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Define Chromatin
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Complex of Dna and Histone protein
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Describe Meiosis II
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1.Prophase II
2.Metaphase II 3.Anaphase II 4.Telophase II and Cytokinesis II |
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Define Chromosomes
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In humans, chromatin is divided into 46 individual strands called chromosomes
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What does Meiosis I and II result in?
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4 Haploid chromosomes
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What is the point of chromosomes?
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It is the information present in chromosomes that make us.
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What are tetrads?
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Complex of 4 sister chromatids
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Describe 3 things of the Human Genome
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1. 98.4%of human DNA is indentical to chimpanzees
2.99.9% indentical DNA in all humans 3. 0.1% or lower differences among individuals within the population. |
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Given an Overview of Meiosis I
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PMAT
Homologous pairs seperate Cytolanesis |
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What are genes and where are they found?
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They are small stretches of DNA that code for polypeptides found on chromosomes
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Give an Overview of Meiosis II
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Sister Chromatids seperate
No DNA replication between MeI adn MeII Meisosis II is almos indentical to Mitosis |
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Describe the Structure of a Duplicated Chromosome during cell division.
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1. Has 2 sister chromatids joined by a centomere
2. Each sister chromatid contains indentical information |
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What is Autotrophic Nutrition?
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Nutritional mode of synthesizing organiz molecules from inorganic
(are material producers: Self feed) |
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What is Heterotrophic Nutrition?
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Acquiring organic molecules from complex compounds produced by other organisms.
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What is the site of photosynthesis in plants?
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Chloroplasts
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In most plants which organs are sites of photosynthesis?
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Leaves
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What cells are rich in chloroplast and what do they contain?
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Mesophyll cells; cholorphyll
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In Chloroplasts, what are the important locations for photsynthetic processes?
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Thylakoid space; Thylakoid membrane; Stroma
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What is the 1st stage in photosynthesis?
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Light-dependent reaction:
H20 is oxidized to O2 and leads to synthesis ATP & NADPH |
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What is Stage 2 of photosynthesis?
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Light-dependent reactions:
Celvin cycle: CO2 is reduced to sugar and this process requires ATP hydrolysis and e- from NADPH |
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Which rections coverts light energy into ATP and NADPH?
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Light-dependent reactions
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What are the 5 aspects of Light-dependent reactions?
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1. Occurs in Thylakoid membrane
2. Requires light 3. Electron carrier NADP+ is reduced to NADPH 4. Gives off 02 5. Generates ATP: photphosphorylation |
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What does the 1st stage photosynthesis require?
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Light
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What is light measured in?
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Wavelengths: distance between crests of waves
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What type of wavelenghts does photosynthesis use?
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Only visible, violet to red
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What are photosystems?
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Light-harvesting complexes that gather light
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Describe the structure of photosystems?
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1. Antenna complex
2. Reaction Center 3. Primary electon acceptor |
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Describe the antenna complex.
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1. Several hundred chlorophyll
Chlorophyll B and carotenoid pgmt absorb photons of light 2. Transfer energy as vibrations energy (resonance) |
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Describe the Reaction Center.
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1. Energy is transferred to a "unique"
Chlorphyll A, located in Rxn Center. 2. ChlA in Rxn Ct. is oxidized photooxidation 3. e- transferred to primary electron acceptor |
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Describe the primary electron acceptor.
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1. Located in Rxn Center
2. Primary e- acceptor is reduced |
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What are the 2 types of Photosystems?
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PSI: ChlA known as P700
PSII: ChlA known as P680 |
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What are the 2 possible routes the electron can flow after capture?
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1. Noncyclic electron flow (Z-scheme)
2. Cyclic electron flow |
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Describe the steps of the Noncyclic e- flow.
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a.2 e- transferred from PSI to NADP+
and thats reduced to NADPH b."Electronholes" in PSI are filled by e- donated from PSII *PSII->photosynthetic ETC-> PSI c."Electronholes" in PSII are filled by e-donated from H2O and O2 produced d. H+ diffuse back into the strom via the ATP synthase complex and drives ATP syntesis:photophosphorylation |
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Describe the Cyclic e- flow.
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a. Electrons are removed from phosys. I and enter the photosynthetic ETC
b. As e- move thru the ETC, H+ are pumped from the stroma to the thylakoid space c. e- return to photosystem I d. H+ diffuse back into the stroma via ATP synthase complex and drives ATP synthase: photophosphorylation |
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What does the Calvin Cycle do? (Light-independent rxns.)
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The carbon fixation rxns that assimilate atmospheric CO2 and then reduce it to a carbohydrate
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Describe 3 aspects of the Calvin Cycle?
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1. Occurs in stroma
2. Require NADPH 3. Requires ATP |
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What are the 3 phases of Celvin cycle?
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Phase 1: Carbon Fixation
Phase 2: Reduction (sugar molecules reduced) Phase 3: Regeneration of RuBP |
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What is Carbon Fixation?
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Process of incorporating CO2 into organic molecules such as sugar, enzyme carries (catalyzes) first step is Rubisco
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What are the two main phases of the Cell Cycle?
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1.Interphase
2.Mitotic (M) phase |
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Describe the Interphase
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1.No division
2.Has 3 subphases a.GI (gapIphase) b.S(synthesisphase)DNA replication c.GII(gapIIphase)prepares for mitosis |
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Describe the Mitotic Phase.
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1.Cell division
2.Has 2 sub-phases a.Mitosis:DNA divided b.Cytokinesis:Cytoplasm divides |
