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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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If two different cells both have β receptors for acetylcholine, must they have the same physiological effect when acetylcholine binds to the receptor?
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No; different organs, different responses (functions) – just using the same trigger
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would β blockers be valuable in treating people who have irregular heartbeats or have previously had a heart attack?
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Decreases heart rate; Relieves stress on heart
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What is the difference between a neurotransmitter and a hormone?
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Neuro = local – neuron to neuron via synapse
Hormone = to whole body via blood |
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What is the primary second messenger for the α adrenergic receptor?
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PLC (phospholipase C); Gg activates PLC which causes increase in IP3 & Ca2+
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Besides inhibiting the enzyme that breaks down cAMP, what are some of the other effects of caffeine?
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Increases activity of dopamine (pleasure / agitation); natural pesticide; inhibits seed germination
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Not all receptors for signal molecules are confined to the plasma membrane. Give an example of one that is not.
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Steroid hormone receptors are inside the cell (inside nucleus)
*Peptide hormones have receptors on peripheral membrane (protein receptor) |
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What is the simple dictionary definition of “evolve”?
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Change with time
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2. In what ways can two populations be isolated from each other besides physically? Describe how cicadas in the Eastern United States are temporarily isolated from their cousins
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Night / Day; Behavioral
Life cycles = 13 year vs. 17 year; predators cannot keep up |
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3. A donkey and a horse mate and the offspring is called a mule; yet, a donkey and a horse are considered different species. How do you explain this?
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Offspring are sterile, therefore 2 different species
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Are different breeds of dog’s different species? Explain.
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No – they can produce fertile offspring
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How might the sickle cell / malaria scenario be different if malaria killed more adults than children?
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Would negate benefit of heterozygous condition (gives immunity); fewer adults would be available to reproduce and pass on the immunity
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In relative terms, how often do mutations result in selective advantage? Why?
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Very seldom (<1% ); too complex & balanced so any change more likely to be bad than good
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3. What would be the chance for two carriers for sickle cell anemia having a child who has the disease? What would be the chance they would have a carrier? Show your work.
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¼ for disease
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How does resistance to anti-malarial drugs come about? How much of a problem is this?
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Stop taking Rx before all pathogens are killed – survivors are immune to Rx
Survivors pass on the immunity & the Rx no longer works – get “super bugs” this way – VERY SERIOUS! |
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Where did the first heritable mutated Hg gene come from?
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Probably Africa
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Hypothalmus
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Controls the Pituitary
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Pituitray
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master gland
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Adrenal
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Fight/ flight
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Ovaries & Testes
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secondary sex characteristics
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Pineal
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3rd eye”
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Thymus
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sets up immune system in fetus
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Pancreatic islets
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blood glucose levels
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Explain how “feedback” works.
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High glucose stimulates release of insulin which lowers glucose level and stops release of inulin
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How does the endocrine system coordinate with the nervous system?
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Neurotransmitter to posterior pituitary
Hormones via blood to anterior pituitary |
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How are the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland stimulated?
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NERVE (neurotransmitter)
ENDOCRINE (hormone) |
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How are homologous and analogous structures used to explain the evolutionary process?
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Argues for common ancestor
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what are the two hypothesis for the extinction of the dinosaurs
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Asteroid: dust in the air blocked the sun light
Broiling= impact fried them by 1000's of degrees of heat energy released upon impact |
