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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who named cells?
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Robert Hooke
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phenotypic
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having to do with the set of alleles that an individual has
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List the steps of the scientific method.
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1)Collecting observations
2)Forming Hypothesis 3)making predictions 4)verifying predictions 5)performing control expirements 6)forming a theory |
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mutation that occurs when a chromosome fragment breaks off and is lost
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deletion
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What are the two kinds of cells?
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prokaryotic:only bacteria
only DNA and plasma membrane eukaryotic:most cells have organelles and plasma membrane |
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genotypic
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having to do with the set of alleles that an individual has
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theory
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a unifying explanation for a broad range of observations
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the repeating sequence of growth and division through which many eukaryotic cells pass
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the cell cycle
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What are the parts of an animal cell
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cell membrane, nucleus, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, nucleolous, chromatin, nuclear sap, cytoplasm, mitichondrion, golgi complex, centriol, microtubule, lysosome, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum
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haploid
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cell containing only one set of chromosomes (i.e. sex cells)
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Explain the three parts to the cell theory.
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1)All living things are composed of one or more cells
2)In organisms, cells are the basic units of structure and function 3)Cells are produced only from existing cells |
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mutation in which a chromosome fragment joins a nonhomologous chromosome
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translocation
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Who, in 1858, found that cells come only from other cells?
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Rudolph Virchow
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lipids
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class of organic molecules-do not dissolve in water (used for:energy storage/structural support/specific reactants)
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In 1838, who found that cells compose all plants?
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Matthias Schleiden
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condition in which a diploid cell has an extra chromosome
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trisomy
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What are the two types of nucleic acid?
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DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid
(in humans) RNA-ribonucleic acid |
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down syndrom
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syndrome of congenital defects (mental retrdation) resulting from an additional copy of a chromosome
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hypothesis
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a proposed explanation that might be true
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mutation in which a chromosome fragment reattaches to the original chromosome in the reverse orientation
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inversion
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biology
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the study of life, from scientists systematically studying living things
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sex chromosomes
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chromosomes that differ between male and female
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What are the characteristics of living things?
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-composed of one or more cells
-uses energy to grow, move, and process information (metabolism) -homeostasis -can reproduce -heredity |
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which of the following is not a stage of mitosis?
A PROPHASE B MEIOSIS C METAPHASE D TELOPHASE |
B MEIOSIS
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What do all cells have?
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a cell/plasma membrane and cytoplasm
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karyotype
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array of chromosomes found in one's cells arrangedin order of size and shape
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genetic disorder
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harmful effects produced by mutated genes (is usually a recessive gene)
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The number of chromosomes found in human body cells
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46
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How are chloroplasts and mitochonria similar?
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they both create energy for cells
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binary fission
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a form of asexual reproduction that produces identical offspring
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Why is water important?
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3/4 of earth's surface is covered by water, every cell in your body contains water, 2/3 of molecules in body are water molecules
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cell that contians one homologue of each chromosome
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haploid
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What must a good expirement have?
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one factor that you are testing
a control |
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diploid
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cell containing two homologues of each chromosome
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Eukaryotes evolved from _____?
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prokaryotes
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procedure for taking cells for analysis from the fluid in the sac that surrounds the fetus
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amniocentesis
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pH level
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a number that represents the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution (on a scale of 0-14, 0-7=acidic, 7-14=base)
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punnet square
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a diagram used to predict the outcome of a genetic cross of a trait
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homeostasis
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how a living thing maintians stable internal conditions
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bacteria reproduce through an asexual process called
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binary fission
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Who discovered that for each trait, an individual has two factors, or genes, one from each parent. The two alleles may/may not contain the same info. When they differ, the allele with the dominant info will be expressed.
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Gregor Mendel
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protiens
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many structural functions, play vital role in metabolic activities
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metabolism
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sum of all chemical reactions that an organism carries out
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chromosomes that are similar in shape and size and have similar genetic information
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homologous chromosomes
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What will the destruction of the rainforest lead to?
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over a million species lost, many potential medicines and food plants gone
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crossing-over
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in begining of meiosis 1, the paired up chromosomes exchange reciprocal segments of DNA
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Who used the term animalcules?
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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
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egg cells and sperm cells
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gametes
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cancer
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a disorder of cells in which the normal controls on growth have been damaged and cells divide unchecked within the body
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skipping replication
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how in the process of meiosis, the 4 final cells only have 1/2 the normal amout of chromosomes
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In 1839, who found that cells compose all animals?
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Theodor Schwann
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the 2 copies of each chromosome that are attached to each other
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chromatids
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control
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a part of an expirement in which the key factor is not allowed to change
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mutations
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a change in the DNA of a gene/chromosome
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How is cell size limited?
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-exchange of materials between inside and outside
-disribution of materials within cell |
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The sex of an offspring is determined by the
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male
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cytoplasm
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material between cell mambrane and nuclear membrane
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down syndrom
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syndrome of congenital defects (mental retrdation) resulting from an additional copy of a chromosome
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What is the difference between a plant and animal cell?
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plant cell has:central vacuoles (to store wastes) and cell walls
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A rod shaped structure that forms when a single DNA molecule and its associated protiens coil tightly before cell division is called a(n)
A.HISTONE B. GENE C. CHROMOSOME D. SUPERCOIL |
C. CHROMOSOME
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amino acids
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building blocks of protiens (20 kinds for humans)
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cytokinesis
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a phase of a cell's life cycle in which the cytoplasm of a cell is cleaved in half and the cell membrane grows to enclose both cells
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chromatin
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one of a pair of strands of DNA that make up a chromosome durring meiosis/mitosis
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protien disk to which 2 chromatids are attached
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centromere
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nucleus
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organelle that houses DNA of eukaryotic cells
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phenotypic
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having to do with the physical appearance of an organism
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nuclear envelope
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double membrane that surrounds cell nucleus
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The condition in which a diploid cell is missing a chromosome
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monosomy
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chloroplast
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organelle-used to make energy from sunlight (filled with chlorophyll)
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probability
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the likelyhood that a specific event will occur
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ribosome
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organelle-makes protiens
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In human sexual reproduction, a male haploid gamete and a female haploid gamete unite to form
A EGG CELL WITH 46 CHROMOSOMES B ZYGOTE WITH 23 CHROMOSOMES C ZYGOTE WITH 46 CHROMOSOMES D SPERM WITH 23CHROMOSOME |
C ZYGOTE WITH 46 CHROMOSOMES
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nuclear sap
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the cytoplasm of the nucleus
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genetics
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branch of biology that studies heredity
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centriole
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helps move chromosomes during cell division
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with one exception, meiosis 2 is identical to
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mitosis
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golgi complex/apparatus
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organelle-collects, pakages, and distributes molecules produced by cell
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cells use plasma membrane for ______
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homeostasis
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endoplasmic reticulum
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transports substances made by cell
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the process of meiosis produces
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4 haploid cells
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microtubule
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hollow protien fiber- involved in cell movement and structure
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heredity
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transmission of genetic traits from parent to offspring
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mitochondrion
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cell's powerhouse
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the collection of chromosomes found in an individual's cells
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karyotype
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cell membrane
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bilipid layer-encloses cytoplasm
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diploid cell that results from the fusion of two haploid gametes
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zygote
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nuclear pore
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one of a series of channels that span nuclear envelope- allow for transport of material between nucleus and cytoplasm
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procedure for taking cells for analysis from the placenta of a mother's uterus
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chronic villi sampling
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lysosome
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organelle-contains digestive enzymes
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cell that contains 2 homologues of each chromosome
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diploid
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carbohydrates
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composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (ratio of 1:2:1), formula=(CHO)x, plays key role in storing and transporting energy
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changes in an organism's genetic material
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mutations
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