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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plasma membrane
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Like a club bouncer:
keeps stuff in and out communicates with the outside |
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Cytoplasm
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everything between the nucleus and the PM.
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Cytosol
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internal fluid of a cell
mostly water with salts and proteins |
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organelles
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Tiny Organs
Specialized functions Bounded by membranes. |
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nucleaus
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"brain " of the cell
has pores double lipid bilayer encloses nucleus |
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Nuclear Envelope
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Encloses nucleus
double lipid bilayer Pores Nucleus:contains most of cell's DNA |
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Chromosome
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Units vary from species to species
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Chromatid
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composed of DNA and protein
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Ribosomes
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Translate mRNA into polypeptides
outside of nucleus Free-destined to places other than the endomembrande system Bound-enedomembrane or out |
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Endomembrane system
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system of membrannes psysically connected or related through transfer of membrane pieces.
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Rough ER
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has ribosomes
modifies proteins for those desined to be transported |
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Smooth ER
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metabollic processes
help generate glucose detox drugs/poisons |
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Golgi Apparatus
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receiving, modifying, and shipping apparatus
-receive cicterneace face from ER |
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Lysosome
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Like a cell's stomach:
has acidic and hydrolyc enzymes |
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Peroxiosome
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transfer H moleculse to O2
breaks down fats convert lipid t sugar |
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Mitochondria
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allows us to make enveryt
Inner membrane:many folds->cristae |
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Cytoskeleton
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maintains cell shape
give entire cell motility Anchor point for organelles has tracks that can dissessemble =for movement of cell parts |
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cytoskeleton structures
(smallest-biggest) |
small:actin-microfillaments
intermed-diverse protiens biggest-tubulin-microtubules |
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Centrosome
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A microtubule organization center
-site of microtubule nucleation |
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Proteoglycans
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network of heavily glyoslyated proteins and protective layers.
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collagen
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glycoproteins
"strong fibers outside of cells" |
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elastin
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flexible proteins
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Amphipathic
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a love and fear of water
ex:lipids |
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fluid mosaic model
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"a thin layer of oil"
extensive side-to-side movement |
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cholesterol
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affects property of membranes
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facilitated diffusion
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movment from high to low concentration
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active transport
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movement from low-high concentration (against concentration gradient)((ouside to inside)) needs energy.
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osmosis
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diffusion of water
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Membrane potential
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electrical and concentration gradients to do work.
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Selectively permeability:
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membranes only allow certain molecules in and out.
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passive transport
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diffusion of biological membrane downward to concentration gradient.
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facilitate diffusion
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down concentration gradient diffusion across membrane with help from proteins
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proton pump
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pumps hydrogen ions=acts as an active transport.
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tonicity
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the effect of osmosis on a cell
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1. Membranes are:(3)
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selectively permeable
hydrophobic core channels/carrier proteins |
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endocytosis
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movement of substances into cell
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phagocytosis
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when a cell takes inn particulate matter
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Metabolism
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total of all chemical reactions in an organism
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catabolic pathways
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degrade
release energy |
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anabolic pathways
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build
use energy |
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energy
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the capacity to cause change
can be harnessed to do work |
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Tonicity hyper, iso, hypo
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Hyper:shrivled
Iso:OK Hypo:lysed, bursting when fluid wants to enter the cell |
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kinetic
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energy of motion
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heat:thermal energy
potential energy: |
a stored form of energy
:a stored form of energy |
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First law of thermodynamics
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energy cannot be created or destroyed.
is either transfered or transformed |
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second law of thermodynamics
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-every energy transfer increases disorder in the universe
-doing work results in a release of heat during an energy transfer. |
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Gibbs free energy
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G = to E contained in a molecule's chemical bonds
=energy in a system that can perform work. |
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Delta G
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means a change in free energy
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Spontaneous processes
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tendency toward stability= down G
no energy input required move toward equilibrium rxn's @equilibrium can do NO WORK |
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exergonic reactions
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energy outwatd:net release of energy
*G<O = spontaneous *energy available for work *energy released ex:cellular respiration |
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endergonic reactions
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energy inward
G>O = non spontaneous energy must come from ouside system ex:photosynthesis |
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ATP
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-a transport moving ions against diffusion
ex:money in your pocket |
