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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mycorrhizal |
associations between fungi and plant roots allow faster plant growth |
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Saprophytes |
fungi that make their living by digesting dead plant material |
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Carbon cycle |
1) fixation of carbon by land plants 2) release of co2 from plants, animals, and fungi as a result of cellular respiration |
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Yeast |
single celled form of fungi |
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Mycelia |
Multicellular, filamentous forms of fungi |
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Hyphae |
Long, narrow, frequently branching filaments that make up mycelium |
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Septa |
Hyphae filaments are separated into cells by cross walls called septa |
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Coenocytic |
lack septa (single, giant, multinuecleic cell) |
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4 reproductive structures of fungi |
1) Swimming gametes and spores 2)Zygosporangia 3)Basidia 4)Asci |
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Zygosporangia |
formed from the fusion of cells from joined-together haploid hyphae from two individuals |
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Basidia |
Specialized club-like cells at end oh hyphae |
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Asci |
sac-like cells at end of hyphae |
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Spore |
Most fundamental reproductive cell in fungi dispersal stage if spore lands on food source, it develops a mycelium |
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Fertilization in of fungi |
Fusion of hyphae Fusion of nuclei from fused cells |
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Plasmogamy |
occurs when cytoplasms fuse |
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Karyogamy |
occurs when the nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote |
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Ectomycorrhizal fungi |
found on tree species forms a dense network of hyphae that cover aplant's root, extends in the soil Hyphae penetrate decaying material and release peptidases which helps the plant |
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Arbuscular Mycorrizal fungi |
penetrate cell wall and directly contact the plasma membrane of root cells. Increases the surface area for exchange of molecules 80% of land plant species Plants give fungi carbon, fungi transfer phosphorus and nitrogen from soil to plant |
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Green plants |
Green algae- photosynthetic organisms in fresh water Land plants - key photosynthisers in terrestrial environments |
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Ecosystem services |
Enhance life supporting attributes of the nonliving components of an ecosystem produce oxygen build soil by providing food for decomposers prevent erosion water retention in soil provides shade and windbreaks
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primary producers |
Convert solar energy into chemical energy |
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3 ways biologists study plants |
Comparing morphological traits analyzing fossil record phylogenic trees based on DNA sequence from homologous genes |
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3 ways algae is closely related to land plants |
similar chloroplast structure Thylakoid arrangement is similar Cell walls, sperm, and peroxisomes similar in structure and composition |
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nonvascular plants |
lack vascular tissue first lineage of living land plants low, sprawling growth habit anchored to substrates by rhizoids flageletated sperm that swims to egg spores are dispersed by wind |
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vascular tissue |
specialized groups of cells that conduct water or dissolved nutrients throughout the plant body |
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Seedless vascular plants |
well developed vascular tissue do not make seeds make microscopic spores for reproduction |
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Seed plants |
Have vascular tissue makes seeds Includes angiosperms |
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Seeds |
embryo and a store of nutritive tissue surrounded by a tough protective layer |
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Spore |
Early plant reproductive cells |
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Cuticle |
Water tight sealant that covers above ground parts of the plant, and gives them the ability to survive in dry environments |
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adaptations that allowed plants to live on land |
Water conducting vascular tissue Roots Stomata Leaves |
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Coal |
carbon rich rock, packed with spores, branches, leaves and trunks |
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Gymnosperms |
Grow readily in dry conditions, now both wet and dry environments are covered in plants |
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Three ways plants adapted to dry conditions |
Preventing water loss from cells Protection from UV radiation Moving water throughout the plant |
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Stoma |
Consists of an opening, pore, surrounded by guard cells. Pore opens and closes as guard cells change shape. Gas exchange is accomplished through the pore. |
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Flavanoids |
Compound that plants make to absorb UV light. |
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Tracheids |
380 mya long, thin, tapering, water conducting cells have pits in sides and ends to enable water to flow efficiently between them |
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Secondary cell wall |
Part of tracheid that contains lignin |
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Primary cell wall |
Part of tracheid that contains cellulose |
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Vessel elements |
250 to 270 mya specialized type of water conducting cell shorter and wider than tracheids Have gaps on both ends where cell walls are missing |
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wood |
Tracheids and vessel element form this in some vascular plants strong support material |
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Convergent evolution |
Occurs in to different lineages. Vessels occurred in angiosperms and gnetophyes |
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3 innovations that allowed plants to reproduce in dry environment |
Dessicant resistant spores coated in sporopollenin Gametes produced in complex multicellular strucures Embryos retained and nourished by parent plant |
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gametangia |
specialized reproductive organ that protects gametes from drying and damage all but angiosperms |
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antheridium |
sperm producing structure in gametangia |
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archegonium |
egg producing structure in gametangia |
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Alteration of generations |
land plants undergo two phases the two phases of the life cycle are connected by spores and gametes |
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gametophyte |
multicellular haploid phase |
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sporophyte |
multicellular diploid phase |
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5 events of alteration of generation |
1) sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis 2) Spores germinate, divide by mitosis, and develop into multicellular haploid gametophytes 3)Produce unicellular haploid gametes by mitosis 4)gametes unite during fert. to form diploid zygote 5) zygote divides by mitosis and develops into a multicellular, diploid sporophyte |
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Gametophyte is dominant in |
nonvascular plants |
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Sporophyte is dominant in |
vascular plants |
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Homosporous |
nonvascular and seedless vascular produce single type of spore the develop into bisexual gametophyte that can self fertilize and reproduce |
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Heterosporous |
seed plants two distinct types of spores by different structures |
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Megasporangia |
Produce megaspores that develop into female gametophytes, which produce large gametes called eggs |
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Microsporangia |
Produce microspores that develop into male gametophytes, which produce small gametes called sperm |
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Pollen grain |
tiny male gameteophytes that are surrounded in sporopollenin Allowed plants in dry environments to reproduce efficiently |
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Flower |
About 250,000 species contain stamen and carpels |
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Stamen |
contains anther where microsporangia develop |
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carpels |
contains ovary, which contains ovules, which contain megasporangia |
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Double fertilization |
Happens in angiosperms two sperm cells fertilize the egg |
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endosperm |
when a second sperm forms a triploid nutritive tissue |
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sepals and petals |
modified leaves of flowers |
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Direct pollination hypothesis |
natural selection favored structures that rewarded an animal for carrying pollen from one flower to another vary in size, shape, smell and color to attract pollinators |
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Pollination syndrome |
characteristics of a flower that correlates with its pollinators |
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Fruit |
derives from ovary and encloses one or more seeds nutritious and brightly colored used for seed dispersal |
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monocots |
one cotyledon |
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dicots |
two cotyledon |
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cotyledon |
the first leaves of flower store nutrients and provide them to the embryo |
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Virus |
obligate, intracellular parasite enter host cell and use its machinery to reproduce and synthesis proteins |
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Lateral gene transfer |
movement of genes other than reproduction viruses introduce foreign genes into cellular genomes |
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Epidemic |
disease that rapidly infects a large number of individuals over a widening area |
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Pandemic |
a worldwide epidemic Spanish flu is most devastating |
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Human immunodeficiency virus |
causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome paratizes and destroys helper T cells in immune system T cells drop and immune system is less effective
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Why researchers study viruses |
develop vaccines develop antiviral drugs |
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viron |
extracellular, infectious particle |
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nonenveloped |
Genetic material covered by a protein shell (capsid) burst from cell |
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enveloped |
genetic material covered by capsid and one or more membrane-like envelopes bud from cell taking part of the cell's membrane with them |
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Positive sense viruses |
genome contains the same sequences as the mRNA required to produce viral proteins (only translation required) |
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Negative sense viruses |
the base sequences in the genome are complimentary to those in viral mRNAs |
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Ambisense viruses |
contain one positive sense region and one negative sense region |
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Two ways viruses infect host |
replicate growth - produces next generation of virons dormant manner - suspends viron growth, allows virus to coexist with host |
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antivirals |
drugs that interfere with viral infection or replication |
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protease |
used by viruses to cut polyprotiens into functional proteins |
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Retroviruses |
HIV RNA genome is transcribed to DNA by viral enzyme reverse transcriptase |
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lytic cycle |
replicative growth |
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Escaped gene hyp. |
viruses descended from gene sets that escaped from bacteria or eukaryotic chromosomes |
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Degeneration hyp. |
DNA viruses descended from free living bacteria that lived inside Eurkaryotic cells |
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RNA world origin hyp. |
viruses developed from the first, RNA based life forms on Earth. evolving since life began. |
