Biology 2.1 Nucleic Acids - The Molecules Of Life

Front 1

cystic fibrosis

Back 1

genetic disease in which a membrane transport protein is not formed properly, leading to problems with chloride ion transport and damage to tissues as a result of very thick mucus

Hint 1

囊肿性纤维化

Front 2

nucleic acids

Back 2

nucleic acids are the information molecules of he cell. they are polymer built up nucleotide monomers, eg deoxyribose nucleic acid and ribose nucleic acid which are the main molecules of inheritance

Hint 2

核酸

Front 3

where do the information needed to form new cells stored?

Back 3

in the chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell

Hint 3

形成新细胞的信息被储存在哪里？

Front 4

DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid

Back 4

nucleic acid that forms the genetic material of the cell

Hint 4

DNA - 脱氧核糖核酸

Front 5

RNA - ribonucleic acid

Back 5

a nucleic acid that is vital for protein synthesis in all living cells and carries the genetic information in many viruses

Hint 5

RNA - 核糖核酸

Front 6

nucleotide/mononucleotides

Back 6

monomer of nucleic acid made up of a pentose suger, organic nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

Hint 6

核苷酸/单核苷酸

Front 7

pentose suger

Back 7

monosaccharide that contains five carbon atoms

Hint 7

戊糖

Front 8

nitrogen-containing base

Back 8

one of the three parts of nucleotides

Hint 8

氮基

Front 9

purine

Back 9

base in nucleic acids with two nitrogen-containing rings

Hint 9

嘌呤

Front 10

a phosphoric acid

Back 10

one of the three parts of nucleotides

Hint 10

磷酸

Front 11

pyrimidines

Back 11

base in nucleic acids with one nitrogen-containing ring

Hint 11

嘧啶

Front 12

adenine (A)

Back 12

a purine base in DNA and RNA

Hint 12

腺嘌呤

Front 13

guanine (G)

Back 13

a purine base in DNA and RNA

Hint 13

鸟嘌呤

Front 14

cytosine (C)

Back 14

a pyrimidines in DNA and RNA

Hint 14

胞嘧啶

Front 15

thymine (T)

Back 15

a pyrimidines base in DNA

Hint 15

胸腺嘧啶

Front 16

uracil (U)

Back 16

a pyrimidine base in RNA

Hint 16

尿嘧啶

Front 17

double helix

Back 17

molecular structure made famous by DNA that involves two strands twisted together like a spiral staircase

Hint 17

双螺旋结构

Front 18

complementary base pairs

Back 18

purine and pyrimidine bases that always pair up in the formation of DNA or RNA

Hint 18

互补碱基对

Front 19

gene

Back 19

unit of inheritance

Hint 19

基因

Front 20

X-ray diffraction

Back 20

scattering of X-rays by the components of a molecule, used to build up a complex pattern for interpretation of molecule shape

Hint 20

X射线衍射

Front 21

replicate

Back 21

to copy

Hint 21

复制

Front 22

translation

Back 22

process by which the genetic code is converted into new protein molecules directed by RNA

Hint 22

翻译

Front 23

ribosome

Back 23

cell organelle that is the site of protein synthesis

Hint 23

核糖体

Front 24

triplet code

Back 24

three bases of DNA which code for a single amino acid

Hint 24

三重码

Front 25

codon

Back 25

three base pairs of DNA or RNA coding for a particular amino acid

Hint 25

密码子

Front 26

complementary strand

Back 26

the mRNA strand formed alongside the original DNA strand during translation of the genetic code into proteins

Hint 26

互补链

Front 27

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Back 27

RNA that carries information from the DNA in the nucleus out into the cytoplasm to be translated into proteins on the ribosomes

Hint 27

信使RNA

Front 28

antisense strand

Back 28

the stand of DNA which acts as a template for the formation of mRNA

Hint 28

反义链

Front 29

transfer RNA (tRNA)

Back 29

small unit of RNA that codes for a specific amino acid and attaches to it in the cytoplasm before carrying it to the surface of a ribosome for protein synthesis

Hint 29

转移RNA

Front 30

mutation

Back 30

change in the genetic code

Hint 30

变异

Front 31

gamete

Back 31

sex cell with half the chromosome number of an ordinary cell

Hint 31

配子

Front 32

thalassaemia

Back 32

genetic disease in which blood proteins are not manufacturated properly, leading to severe anaemia

Hint 32

地中海贫血

Front 33

somatic cells

Back 33

body cell

Hint 33

配子体细胞

Front 34

point mutation

Back 34

mutation in one or a small number of nucleotides

Hint 34

基因点突变

Front 35

chromosomal mutation

Back 35

mutation involving changes in the position of genes within the chromosome

Hint 35

染色体突变

Front 36

whole-chromosome mutation

Back 36

mutation resulting in loss or duplication of whole chromosome

Hint 36

全染色体突变

Front 37

mutagen

Back 37

something that causes mutation, eg some chemicals and ionising radiation

Hint 37

诱变剂

Front 38

meiosis

Back 38

cell division which results in the production of four daughter cells each with half of the chromosome number of the original cell

Hint 38

减数分裂

Front 39

Down's syndrome

Back 39

唐氏综合症

Front 40

phenotype

Back 40

the physical and chemical characteristics that make up the appearance of an organism

Hint 40

表型

Front 41

polypeptide

Back 41

polymer made of many amino acids

Hint 41

多肽

Front 42

anaemia

Back 42

贫血

Front 43

anabolic reactions

Back 43

reaction that builds new chemical from more than one reactant

Hint 43

合成代谢反应

Front 44

catabolic reactions

Back 44

reaction that breaks down a chemical into more than one product

Hint 44

分解反应

Front 45

metabolism

Back 45

combination of anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in body cells

Hint 45

新陈代谢

Front 46

metabolic chain/pathway

Back 46

sequence of metabolic reactions

Hint 46

代谢链/通路

Front 47

catalyst

Back 47

a substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction or process

Hint 47

催化剂

Front 48

specificity

Back 48

the property of enzymes which means that they only catalyze one particular reaction or type of reaction

Hint 48

特异性

Front 49

intracellular enzyme

Back 49

enzyme that works inside a cell

Hint 49

细胞内酶

Front 50

proteases

Back 50

蛋白酶

Front 51

extracellular enzyme

Back 51

an enzyme that works outside cells, such as digestive enzymes

Hint 51

细胞外酶

Front 52

substrate

Back 52

substance that enzyme works on

Hint 52

底物

Front 53

activation energy

Back 53

the energy needed to make or break bonds at the beginning of a chemical reaction

Hint 53

活化能量

Front 54

lock-and-key hypothesis

Back 54

model of enzyme action based on the idea of an active site which fits specific reactants

Hint 54

锁和钥匙假说

Front 55

active site

Back 55

area of enzyme with specific shape which fits the shape of substrate molecules

Hint 55

活动点

Front 56

induced fit hypothesis

Back 56

modified version of the lock-and-key hypothesis of enzyme action that proposes a flexible shape for the active site which is modified once the substrate molecule is bound to form an active complex

Hint 56

诱导契合假说

Front 57

globular protein

Back 57

protein with tertiary and sometimes quaternary levels of 3D organisation, holding them into globular shapes

Hint 57

球状蛋白质

Front 58

molecular activity

Back 58

the number of substrate molecules transformed per minute by a single enzyme molecule

Hint 58

分子活性

Front 59

turnover number

Back 59

the number of substrate molecules transformed per minute by a single enzyme

Hint 59

周转次数

Front 60

saturated

Back 60

when all of the active sites on an enzyme are taken up

Hint 60

饱和

Front 61

temperature coefficient, Q10

Back 61

the effect of temperature on the ratio of a reaction

Hint 61

温度系数，辅酶Q10

Front 62

thermophilic

Back 62

heat-loving

Hint 62

嗜热