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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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PEPTIDOGLYCAN |
a type of polymer in bacterial cell walls consisting of modified sugars cross-linked by short peptides
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GRAM-STAIN
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a staining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell walls
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GRAM-NEGATIVE
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describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally more complex and contains less peptidoglycan that the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria; gram-negative bactera are often more toxic than gram-positive bacteria
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GRAM-POSITIVE
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describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally less complex and contains more peptidoglycan than the cell wall of a gram-negative bacteria; gram-positive bacteria are usually less toxic than gram-negative bacteria
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CAPSULE
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a sticky layer that surrounds the cell wall of some prokaryotes, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces
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FIMBRIA
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a short, hair-like appendage of a prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate or to other cells; aka an attachment pilus
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SEX PILUS
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in bacteria, a structure that links one cell to another at the start of conjugation; aka a conjugation pilus
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NUCLEOID
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a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell
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PLASMIDS
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a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule taht carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome plasmids are also found in some eukaryotes, such as yeats
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ENDOSPORE
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a thick-coated, resistant cell produced by a bacterial cell exposed to harsh conditions
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TRANSFORMATION
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a change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell
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TRANSDUCTION
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a type of horizontal gene transfer in which phages carry bacterial DNA from one host to another
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CONJUGATION
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in prokaryotes, the direct transfer of DNA between 2 cells that are temporarily joined; in cilates, a sexual process in which 2 cells exchange haploid micronuclei
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F FACTOR
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in bacteria, the DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient; the F factor may exist as a plasmid or be integrated into the bacterial chromosome
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F PLASMID
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the plasmid from the F factor
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R PLASMID
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a bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antiobiotics
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PHOTOAUTOTROPHS
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an organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide
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CHEMOAUTOTROPHS
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an organism that needs only carbon dioxide as a carbon source but obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances
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PHOTOHETEROTROPHS
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an organism that uses light to generate ATP but must obtain carbon in organic form
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CHEMOHETEROTROPH
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an organism that must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon
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OBLIGATE ANAEROBES
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an organism taht only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration; such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it
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ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
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the use of inorganic molecules other than oxygen to accept electrons at the "downhill" end of the electron transport chans
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FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE
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an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present
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NITROGEN FIXATION
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the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia; biological nitrogen fixation is carried out by certain prokaryotes, some of which have mutualistic relationships with plants
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HETEROCYTE
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a specialized cell that engages in nitrogen fixation in some filamentous cyanobacteria
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BIOFILM
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a surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation
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EXTERMOPHILE
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an organism that lives in an environment whose conditions are so extreme that few other species can survive there
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EXTREME HALOPHILE
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an organism that lives in a highly saline environment, such as the great salt lake or the dead sea
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EXTREME THERMOPHILE
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an organism that thrives in hot environments (60 - 80 degrees Celsius)
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METHANOGEN
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an organism that obtains energy by using carbon dioxide to oxidize hydrogen, producing methane as a waste product; all known methanogens are in the domain Archaea
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DECOMPOSER
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an organism that absorbs nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organisms and converts them to inorganic forms; a detritive
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SYMBIOSIS
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an ecological relationship between organisms of two different organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact
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SYMBIONT
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the smaller participant in a symbiotic relationship, livning in or on the host
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HOST
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the larger participant in a symbiotic relationship, serving as home and food source for the small symbiont
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MUTUALISM
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a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is neither helped nor harmed
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PARASITISM
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a symbiotic relationship in which one organism, the parasite benefits at the expense of another, the host, by livng either within or on the host
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PARASITE
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an organism that feeds on the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of another species while in or on the host organism; parasites harm but do not usually kill their host
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PATHOGEN
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an organism or virus that cuases disease
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EXOTOXIN
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a toxic protein that is secreted by a prokaryote or other pathogen and that produces specific symptoms, even if the pathogen is no longer present
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ENDOTOXIN
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a toxic componnet of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released only whent he bacteria die
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BIOREMEDIATION
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the use of organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems
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